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کمرنک کمرنکه

نویسه گردانی: KMRNK KMRNKH
کمرک. (ا. ه.) کمرنکه اختری، نجمی، کوکبی. میوه ستاره ای بفتح کاف و سکون میم و فتح را و کاف و عوام کمرنکه نامند ماهیت آن اسم ثمری است هندی طولانی بقدر نیم شبر و شش پهلو بشکل شش پر و در خامی سبز و بعد رسیدن زرد می کردد و ترش و شیرین می باشد درخت آن بلند و
موزون بقدر درخت کردکان و برک آن بعضی ریزه و بعضی بزرک اندک طولانی در شاخهای باریک و برکهای اسفل شاخۀ آن ریزه تر از برک اعلای آن طبیعت آن در دوم سرد و خشک و سردی و خشکی ترش آن زیاده از شیرین آن افعال و خواص آن قابض و مسکن حدت صفرا و عطش شدید و قئ و اسهال صفراوی
و طعم دهان را نیکو کرداند و در سائر افعال و خواص آن قریب بریباس است مضر مبرودین مصلح آن جوارشات و ادویۀ حاره مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی ///////////// http://www.3neshaneh.com/news/single/8637/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C+%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87+%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87+%D8%A7%DB%8C+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7+(Carambola)+
////////// https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjzxp7nqrfVAhVGEVAKHeihB_sQFggyMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nutrition-and-you.com%2Fstar-fruit.html&usg=AFQjCNHXcHYMzg0md3SP9jtfvRV59ev2VA //////////// اختری از
ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد «کوکبی» به اینجا تغییرمسیر دارد. برای فیزیکدان ایرانی، امید کوکبی را مشاهده کنید. اختری Carambola Starfruit.jpg میوه‌های اختری طبقه‌بندی علمی فرمانرو: گیاهان Division: گیاهان گلدار رده: دولپه‌ای‌ها راسته: راسته ترشک‌ها تیره: ترشکیان
سرده: ابن رشدی‌ها گونه: A. carambola نام علمی Averrhoa carambola لینه اَختَری (کوکبی یا میوه ستاره) نام میوه‌ای استوایی است از تیرهٔ ترشکیان (Oxalidaceae) سردهٔ ابن رُشدی‌ها (Averrhoa). این میوه بومی سری‌لانکا، هندوستان و اندونزی است. اختری از خویشاوندان نزدیک
میوه بیلیمبی است. معرفی[ویرایش] این میوه از میوه‌های مناطق گرمسیری می‌باشد. رنگ آن سبز و گاهی زرد می‌باشد. پوست آن براق است. از انواعی که دارای نقطه یا خطهای قهوه‌ای می‌باشد، استفاده نکنید. استفادهٔ کوکبی آسان است. نیاز به پوست کندن و جدا کردن دانه ندارد.
به آرامی تغییر رنگ می‌دهد. مزهٔ بعضی از انواع آن ترش و برخی شیرین می‌باشد. (مانند انگور پوست کلفت) شکل زیبایی دارد و وقتی آن را می‌بریم بسیار شبیه ستاره می با شد. می‌توان از آن در سالاد و برای تزئین غذاها استفاده کرد. نگاره‌خانه[ویرایش] Carambola cut.jpg اختری‌ها
بر درخت. اختری را در اندونزی بِلیمبینگ می‌نامند. منابع[ویرایش] برابرهای واژه‌های علمی از: عطری، مرتضی، واژه‌نامه علوم زیستی، دوجلدی، همدان: اداره انتشارات دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، ۱۳۸۴. نشان خرد این یک مقالهٔ خرد زیست‌شناسی است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
رده‌ها: شبدرترشکیانکشاورزی نواحی گرمسیریگیاگان اندونزیگیاهان توصیف‌شده در ۱۷۵۳ (میلادی)گیاگان فیلیپینگیاگان مالزیگیاگان هندمیوه‌هامیوه‌های گرمسیری /////////////// قس فاکهة النجمة در عربی: فاکهة النجمة[عدل] هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزید من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى
للمساعدة فی ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد فی تحسین هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة فی النص الحالی.(یونیو 2015) محتویات [أظهر] نبذه عن الشجره التی تنتج فاکهة النجمه[عدل] • الاسم العلمی : Averrhoa carambola • العائلة : Oxalidaceae
الکرمبولا شجرة تزرع فی المناطق الاستوائیة وشبه المداریة وهى بطیئة النمو تتکیف مع الجو الدافىء ولا تحتمل الاجواء الباردة وتنمو تقریبا فی جمیع انواع التربة الا انها تنمو بشکل أفضل فی التربة المالحة ویعتقد ان جنوب شرق اسیا هو موطنها الاصلى الشجرة متوسطة الحجم
یصل ارتفاعها إلى 22-33 قدماً ، ذات جذع واحد أو جذوع متعددة . الأوراق مرکبة ، تحمل کل ورقة 4-5 أزواج من الوریقات الرمحیه المسحوبة القمة وهی لامعة بلون أخضر فاتح. الأزهار صغیرة الحجم بنفسجیـة اللون . والثمار عنبیة ذات شکل إهلییجى أو بیضوى یتراوح طولها بین 5-13سم
ذات لون أصفر باهت إلى غامق مقسمة إلى حوالى 5 مناطق بارزة (أجنحة) . وتکون الثمار الناضجة شفافة عصیریة ذات طعم حلو مع حموضة مقبولة . عند تقطیع ثمار الکرمبولا من المنتصف، تأخذ القطع شکل نجمة خماسیة مکتملة، ولهذا اشتهرت تسمیتها بفاکهة النجم. فاکهة النجمة star
fruit[عدل] شجرة فاکهة النجمة هی شجرة بطیئة النمو وتتکیف مع الطقس الدافیء أما فی الأجواء الباردة فیجب حمایتها من الریاح بعمل حواجز ومصدات یتوقف نمو الشجرة عند حرارة 55 -66 ف وقد تموت عند حرارة أقل من 28 ف تحتاج إلى ضوء شمس کامل تخصب من 4 -5 مرات فی السنة ملاحظة[عدل]
السقایة معتدلة والاسراف فی الری وقت التزهیر یؤدی إلى عدم التلقیح والانتاج الموطن الاصلی[عدل] اکتشفت فی أمریکا منذ 150 سنة ویقال ان موطنها الأصلی هو بلدان : مالیزیا - اندونیسیا - جنوب الصین الفاکهة خالیة من[عدل] الدهون والصودیوم والکولیسترول غنیة بفیتامین سی
ما هی فاکهة النجمه[عدل] هی فاکهة خفیفة الوزن أشبه بالفلیفلة أو الفلفل الرومی ولکن فی مالیزیا یصنعون منها عصیرا من أروع العصائر التی قد تتذوقها فی حیاتک.. وحقیقة هی طعمها مثل أی فاکهة حمضیة أو بالأحرى مثل فاکهة الاناناس مع التفاح الأخضر ولکنها یوجد بها قلیل
من المرارة ..(مرارة الصبر..) ویکون طعمها أکثر حلاوة کلما مال لونها إلى اللون الأصفر .. ولونها یأتی أصفر براقا لامعاً محدد باللون الأخضر وهی نجمیة الشکل مکونة من خمسة رؤس وحجمها ما بین 3 إلى 5 إنشات .. وتحتوی الحصة الواحدة منها على 40 کالوری فقط ..وهی تعتبر
من المصادر الجیدة لفیتامین A & C .. فائدتها فی معالجة الامراض[عدل] یعتبر الحمض الأمینی أرجنین أساسیاً لتکاثر الفیروسات والتی ینتج عنها أمراض معدیة وعیوب خلقیة والتی یمکن أن یکون لها علاقة بالسرطان .. وهناک حمض أمینی آخر یعرف باسم لایسن (Lysine) وهذا الحمض
یثبط تکاثر الفیروس، ومن هنا نلاحظ أن الناس یبحثون عن الغذاء الغنی بحمض اللایسین والمنخفض فی محتوى الأرجنین. وثمرة النجمة تعتبر من النباتات التی لدیها نسبة عالیة من اللایسین ولکن بها نسبة منخفضة من الارجنین وهی تشمل نسبة اللایسین إلى الارجنین 4إلى 1..لذلک تفید
فی علاج هذه الامراض وتثبیط نشاطها .. بعض استخداماتها[عدل] هى تؤکل طازجة ، کما تستخدم فی عمل العصیر، المربى ، الجلى ، المخللات وسلطة الفواکه ، وأیضاً تستعمل عصارة الثمار الحمضیة فی تنظیف النحاس الأصفر وإزالة البقع من الملابس المراجع[عدل] فی کومنز صور وملفات
عن: فاکهة النجمة • بوابة علم النبات • بوابة زراعة ضبط استنادی • GND: 4352673-1 تصنیفات: • أشجار مثمرة • حماضیة • فاکهة استوائیة • فاکهة • نباتات وصفت فی 1753 ///////////// قس قلنباق در عربی: القُلُنْباق [1] أو الرُشدِیّة [2] أو کرمبولا ویسمى بمصر بُرتقال بَامِیَة
(الاسم العلمی: Averrhoa carambola)، هو نبات ینتمی إلىالفصیلة الحماضیة (باللاتینیة: Oxalidaceae). موطنه الأصلی جنوب شرق آسیا، ولکنه یزرع فی مناطق أخرى مثل مصر. مراجع[عدل] 1. ^ معجم أسماء النبات لأحمد عیسى بک المطبعة الأمیریة بالقاهرة ، وزارة المعارف العمومیة
الطبعة الأولى سنة 1931 ص 28 2. ^ المعجم الکبیر لمجمع اللغة العربیة بالقاهرة الجزء التاسع حرف الراء القسم الأول الطبعة الأولى 2012م ص 639 ///////////// Averrhoa carambola From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Averrhoa carambola Carambolas still on the tree
Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Oxalidales Family: Oxalidaceae Genus: Averrhoa Species: A. carambola Binomial name Averrhoa carambola L. Averrhoa carambola is a species of tree
in the family Oxalidaceae; it has a number of common names, including carambola and starfruit.[1] This evergreen tree is native to Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent.[2][3] A. carambola is a small tree or shrub that grows 5–12 metres tall, with rose
to red-purple flowers. The flowers are small and bell-shaped, with five petals that have whitish edges. The flowers are often produced year round under tropical conditions. The tree is cultivated in tropical and semitropical regions for its edible fruits and
for its medicinal uses. Contents [show] Description[edit] An illustration of the fruit, leaves, and flowers of Averrhoa carambola A seedling Averrhoa carambola is a small, slow-growing evergreen tree with a short-trunk or a shrub. The branches are drooping
and the wood is white and turns reddish.[4] It has a bushy shape with many branches producing a broad, rounded crown. The compound leaves are soft, medium-green, they are spirally arranged around the branches in an alternate fashion. The pinnate leaves have
a single terminal leaflet and 5 to 11 nearly opposite leaflets, each leaf is 15–20 cm long, and the 3.8–9 cm long leaflets are ovate or ovate-oblong in shape. The top sides of the leaves are smooth and the undersides are finely hairy and whitish. The leaflets
are reactive to light and tend to fold together at night, they are also sensitive to abrupt shock and when shaken tend to close up also. The lilac or purple-streaked, downy, flowers are produced in the axils of leaves at the end of twigs. The flowers are arranged
in small clusters on the ends of the branches or sometimes on the larger stems and trunk, each cluster is attached to the tree with red stalks. The bell shaped, perfect flowers, are produced in loose panicles that are much-branched with pedicellate flowers;
each flower is around 6 mm wide, with 5 petals that have recurved ends. The fruits are showy with an oblong shape: they are longitudinally 5- to 6-angled and 6.35–15 cm long and up to 9 cm wide. The fruits have a thin, waxy skin that is orange-yellow colored.
The juicy fruits are yellow inside when ripe and have a crisp texture and when cut in cross-section are star shaped. The fruits have an oxalic acid odor, which varies between plants from strong to mild, the taste also varies from very sour to mildly sweetish.
Each fruit may have up to twelve 6-12.5 mm long seeds, which are flat, thin and brown. Some cultivated forms produce fruits with no seeds.[5][6] Taxonomy[edit] Leaves - both sides in India. Flowers The species in the genus Averrhoa along with the species in
genus Sarcotheca are the only woody, tree-like plants belonging to the Oxalis family Oxalidaceae. The Oxalis family has nearly 900 species, most are herbaceous perennials or annuals native from tropical and semitropical locations though a number also grow
in other parts of the world. Averrhoa has sometimes been placed in the family Averrhoaceae.[7] Averrhoa carambola is one of two species in the genus Averrhoa, both have edible fruit; the other species Averrhoa bilimbi, which is sometimes called the Bilimbi
or the Cucumber Tree, is limited to tropical regions. The fruits of A. bilimbi are too sour to be eaten raw, while the sweet forms A. carambola are eaten raw. The fruits of A. bilimbi and the sour forms, which have high oxalic acid content, of A. carambola
are pickled and made into jelly, jam, and juice. The genus was named after Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad bin Aḥmad bin Rushd (better known just as Ibn Rushd), who was called Averroes in European literature - a famous Arabian physician,[8] astronomer and philosopher
of the 12th century.[9] Past synonyms include:[10] • Averrhoa pentandra Blanco, Fl. Filip., 392. 1837. • Averrhoa acutangula Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. vol. 2, 543. 1812. • Connaropsis philippica Villar in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. vol. 3, app. 33. 1880. The tree
and fruits have many different names, Carambola is the Spanish vernacular name of the tree.[8] In English it is called Star fruit, Carambola and Chinese gooseberry,[11] in Malaysia and the Philippines it has numerous names.[9] In Indonesia it is called belimbing,
in Tagalog it is called balimbing. The related bilimbi is called kamias in Tagalog. Cultivation[edit] Fruits, leaves and trunk Averrhoa carambola has a number of different forms differing in fruit taste, texture, and shape, some are very acidic and others
are sweet. The plant is grown in Malaysia and Taiwan, with smaller concentrations in Thailand, Israel, Florida, Brazil, Philippines, China, Australia, Indonesia and the warmer parts of India and other areas of the world with the same climate. It has become
a commercial crop in many of these locations, grown for its edible fruits.[12] The flowers need cross pollination to produce fruit, thus seed raised plants are variable. Plants may flower and bear fruit in about a year after seed germination. Larger plants
may bloom year round in tropical areas as long as environmental conditions are suitable, plants may have flowers, unripe and ripe fruit at the same time. Under other climate and environmental conditions, plants tend to bloom in spring, and then off and on
again during the rest of the year. Many different cultivars are grown, most are selected to optimize fruit flavor and maximum fruit production for specific growing areas, with each country or region having their own specific selections.[12] Fruit Toxicology[edit]
Like several other plants of the family Oxalidaceae, its fruits are rich in oxalic acid, which is toxic in high concentrations. There have been reports of intoxication in dialysis and uremic patients caused by a neurotoxin called caramboxin[13] present in
the fruit. Such toxin is normally filtered by the kidneys, but patients in dialysis or suffering from kidney deficiencies may show severe symptoms, in a few cases fatal,[14] after drinking the fruit juice. References[edit] 1. Jump up^ http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=all&search_value=Averrhoa+carambola&search_kingdom=every&search_span=exactly_for&categories=All&source=html&search_credRating=All
2. Jump up^ Carambola 3. Jump up^ Avverhoa Carambola L. 4. Jump up^ Author, L.D. Kapoor (1990), CRC handbook of ayurvedic medicinal plants, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, p. 58, ISBN 0-8493-0559-4 5. Jump up^ http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=1377
6. Jump up^ Editors, P.K. Warrier; Illustrations, R. Vasudevan Nair (2002), Indian medicinal plants : a compendium of 500 species, Madras: Orient Longman, p. 224, ISBN 81-250-0301-0 7. Jump up^ http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1191 8. ^ Jump
up to:a b Deborah, Pauline; Waller, Ridling (4 February 2006), "Glow with stars:", Hindu: Online edition of India's National Newspaper, Chennai, India 9. ^ Jump up to:a b Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000), CRC world dictionary of plant names : common names, scientific
names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology, Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 241, ISBN 0-8493-2673-7 10. Jump up^ "Averrhoa carambola L" ipk-gatersleben.de. 11. Jump up^ House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain (1884). Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons
and Command, Volume 54. p. 203. Retrieved 30 May 2013. 12. ^ Jump up to:a b Ray, P.K. (2002), Breeding tropical and subtropical fruits, New Delhi: Narosa Pub. Pub. House, pp. 307–09, ISBN 3-540-42855-0 13. Jump up^ Carolino, R.O.G (2002), Atividade Biológica
e Purificação Parcial da Neuritoxina da Fruta Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae)., Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil: Departamento de Bioquímica da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP 14. Jump up^ CHANG, J.M., HWANG, S.J., KUO, H.T. et al. Fatal outcome
after ingestion of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in uremic patients. Am J. Kidney Dis 35:189-193, 2000. Taxon identifiers • Wd: Q159447 • EoL: 483574 • FOC: 200012373 • GBIF: 2891641 • GRIN: 6158 • iNaturalist: 146977 • IPNI: 371870-1 • ITIS: 506371 • NCBI:
28974 • Plant List: kew-2666746 • PLANTS: AVCA • Tropicos: 23700001 Categories: • Oxalidaceae • Plants described in 1753 //////////// Carambola From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the fruit. For the cue sport, see Carom billiards. For
the internet company, see Carambola (Company). "Starfruit" redirects here. For the marsh plant, see Damasonium. For other uses of "Carambola", see Carambola (disambiguation). Unripe carambolas on the tree Carambola or starfruit, is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola,
a species of tree native to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Mauritius and Seychelles. The fruit is popular throughout Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, Micronesia, and parts of East Asia. The tree is also
cultivated throughout non-indigenous tropical areas. The fruit has distinctive ridges running down its sides (usually five but can sometimes vary); when cut in cross-section, it resembles a star, hence its name. The entire fruit is edible and is usually eaten
out of hand. They may also be used in cooking and can be made into relishes, preserves, and juice drinks. Contents [show] Origins and distribution[edit] Main article: Averrhoa carambola Sliced carambolas having 7, 6, and the usual 5 points The original range
of Averrhoa carambola is unknown today. It is believed that it may have originated from Sri Lanka or Moluccas, Indonesia, but has been cultivated in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia for hundreds of years. They remain a local favorite in those areas
but have also recently gained popularity in parts of East Asia and Queensland, Australia; as well as in the Pacific Islands, particularly Tahiti, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Hawaii, and Guam. They are cultivated commercially in India, Southeast Asia,
southern China, Taiwan, and Florida. They are also grown in Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Peru, Brazil, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Mexico, Guyana and parts of Africa.[1] In other
areas they are usually grown as ornamentals, rather than for consumption.[1] Description[edit] The fruit is about 5 to 15 centimetres (2 to 6 inches) in length and is an oval shape. It usually has five prominent longitudinal ridges, but in rare instances it
can have as few as four or as many as eight. In cross section, it resembles a star. The skin is thin, smooth, and waxy and turns a light to dark yellow when ripe. The flesh is translucent and light yellow to yellow in color. Each fruit can have 10 to 12 flat
light brown seeds about 6 to 13 mm (0.25 to 0.5 in) in width and enclosed in gelatinous aril. Once removed from the fruit, they lose viability within a few days.[2][3][4] Like the closely related bilimbi, there are two main types of carambola: the small sour
(or tart) type and the larger sweet type. The sour varieties have a higher oxalic acid content than the sweet type. A number of cultivars have been developed in recent years. The most common cultivars grown commercially include the sweet types "Arkin" (Florida),
"Dah Pon" (Taiwan), "Ma fueng" (Thailand), "Maha" (Malaysia), and "Demak" (Indonesia) and the sour types "Golden Star", "Newcomb", "Star King", and "Thayer" (all from Florida). Some of the sour varieties like "Golden Star" can become sweet if allowed to ripen.[1][2][3]
Gastronomy[edit] Vertical, end view, and cross section of the ripe carambola Carambola, (starfruit), raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 128 kJ (31 kcal) Carbohydrates 6.73 g Sugars 3.98 g Dietary fiber 2.8 g Fat 0.33 g Protein 1.04 g Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv. lutein zeaxanthin 66 μg Thiamine (B1) (1%) 0.014 mg Riboflavin (B2) (1%) 0.016 mg Niacin (B3) (2%) 0.367 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) (8%) 0.391 mg Vitamin B6 (1%) 0.017 mg Folate (B9) (3%) 12 μg Choline (2%) 7.6 mg Vitamin C (41%) 34.4 mg Vitamin
E (1%) 0.15 mg Minerals Calcium (0%) 3 mg Iron (1%) 0.08 mg Magnesium (3%) 10 mg Manganese (2%) 0.037 mg Phosphorus (2%) 12 mg Potassium (3%) 133 mg Sodium (0%) 2 mg Zinc (1%) 0.12 mg ________________________________________ Link to USDA Database entry • Units
• μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams • IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database The entire fruit is edible, including the slightly waxy skin. The flesh is crunchy, firm,
and extremely juicy. It does not contain fibers and has a texture similar in consistency to that of grapes. Carambolas are best consumed shortly after they ripen, when they are yellow with a light shade of green or just after all traces of green have disappeared.
They will also have brown ridges at the edges and feel firm. Fruits picked while still slightly green will turn yellow in storage at room temperature, but will not increase in sugar content. Overripe carambola will be yellow with brown spots and can become
blander in taste and soggier in consistency.[3][5] Ripe sweet type carambolas are sweet without being overwhelming as they rarely have more than 4% sugar content. They have a tart, sour undertone, and an oxalic acid odor. The taste is difficult to compare,
but it has been compared to a mix of apple, pear, grape, and citrus family fruits. Unripe starfruits are firmer and sour, and taste like green apples.[2][6] Ripe carambolas may also be used in cooking. In Southeast Asia, they are usually stewed in cloves and
sugar, sometimes with apples. In China, they are cooked with fish. In Australia, they may be cooked as a vegetable, pickled, or made into jams. In Jamaica they are sometimes dried.[1] Unripe and sour type carambolas can be mixed with other chopped spices to
make relishes in Australia.[1] In the Philippines, unripe carambolas are eaten dipped in rock salt.[7] In Thailand, they are cooked together with shrimp.[1] The juice from carambolas is also used in iced drinks, particularly the juice of the sour varieties.
In Hawaii they are used to make sherbet, while in the Philippines they can be used as seasoning. In India, the juice is bottled for drinking.[1] Health[edit] Benefits[edit] Carambola is rich in antioxidants, potassium, and vitamin C; and low in sugar, sodium,
and acid. It is also a potent source of both primary and secondary polyphenolic antioxidants.[8]Averrhoa carambola has both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) by the fruit extract is dependent on concentration and stage
of ripening. Extracts showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[9][10] In South Asian countries, there is a belief that eating Carambola fruit enhances the sex drive of males. Its name
"Kamaranga - කාමරංගා", in Sinhala language (Sri Lanka) and kamranga (কামরাঙ্গা) in Bengali means it.[vague] Risks[edit] Carambolas contain caramboxin[11] and oxalic acid. Both substances are harmful to individuals suffering from kidney failure, kidney stones,
or those under kidney dialysis treatment. Consumption by those with kidney failure can produce hiccups, vomiting, nausea, mental confusion, and sometimes death.[12][13][14][15][16][17] Recent research has identified caramboxin as a neurotoxin which is structurally
similar to phenylalanine, and is a glutamatergic agonist.[11] While the levels of oxalic acid and caramboxin in starfruit are low enough to be safely processed by most of the general population, some researchers warn that the fruit and juice sometimes cause
kidney damage or rarely, kidney failure in people with normal renal function and should be avoided.[18] Drug interactions[edit] Like the grapefruit, carambola is considered to be a potent inhibitor of seven cytochrome P450 isoforms.[19][20] These enzymes are
significant in the first-pass elimination of many medications, and, thus, the consumption of carambola or its juice in combination with certain prescription medications can significantly increase their effective dosage within the body. Research into grapefruit
juice (its potent enzymes) for instance, identified a significant effect (requires change in dose or other side effects) on common medications when taken concurrently by the patient, including statins, which are commonly used to treat high cholesterol and
cardiovascular illness, opiates/opioids, and benzodiazepines (a sedative tranquilizer drug family that includes diazepam).[21][citation needed] Cultivation[edit] Unripe Indian Carambola The carambola is a tropical and subtropical fruit which can be grown at
elevations up to 1,200 metres (4,000 feet). It prefers full sun exposure, but requires enough humidity and annual rainfall of at least 1,800 mm (70 in). It does not have a soil type preference, but it requires good drainage.[citation needed] Carambola trees
are planted at least 6 m (20 ft) from each other and typically are fertilized three times a year. The tree grows rapidly and typically produces fruit at four or five years of age. The large amount of rain during spring actually reduces the amount of fruit,
but, in ideal conditions, carambola can produce from 90 to 180 kilograms (200 to 400 pounds) of fruit a year. The carambola tree flowers throughout the year, with main fruiting seasons from April to June and October to December in Malaysia,[22] for example,
but fruiting also occurs at other times in some other locales, such as South Florida.[3] Major pests are fruit flies, fruit moths, ants, and birds.[2][22] Crops are also susceptible to frost.[2] Top producers of carambola in the world market include Australia,
Guyana, India, Israel, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and the United States.[3] Malaysia is a global leader in starfruit production by volume and ships the product widely to Asia and Europe.[22] Due to concerns over pests and pathogens, however, whole
starfruits cannot yet be imported to the US from Malaysia under current United States Department of Agriculture regulations. In the United States, carambolas are grown in tropical and semitropical areas, including Texas, South Carolina, Louisiana, California,
Virginia, Florida and Hawaii.[1][23] In the United States, commercial cultivation and broad consumer acceptance of the fruit only dates to the 1970s. That acceptance is attributable to Morris Arkin, a backyard horticulturalist, from Coral Gables, Florida.
During the late 1960s, Arkin began cultivating plants and trees in his backyard, eventually developing a kind of carambola, or star fruit, that became commercially viable and was named after him. Until the early 1970s, carambola had been grown only as specimen
trees in botanical gardens and experiment stations and as a curiosity in home landscapes. However, because of its attractive star shape when cut in cross-section and yellow to golden color, it began to grow in popularity. Fruit from early introductions were
however, sour and sometimes considered unpalatable. This limited market and public acceptance, inhibiting development and expansion of carambola as a commercial fresh fruit. Arkin cultivated the 'Arkin' variety – a sweet carambola with good handling characteristics
– in the mid to late 1970s. Soon afterward, the limited commercial area of carambola under cultivation in south Florida (4 to 12 ha) was top-worked to 'Arkin' and this new cultivar led to a rapid increase in consumer demand for the fruit which further stimulated
interest in establishing new commercial plantings. Today, the 'Arkin' variety represents 98% of the current acreage in South Florida.[24] Other uses[edit] The trees are also grown as ornamentals for their abundant brightly colored and unusually shaped fruits,
as well as for their attractive dark green leaves and their lavender to pink flowers.[3] Like the bilimbi, the juice of the more acidic sour types can be used to clean rusty or tarnished metal (especially brass) as well as bleach rust stains from cloth. They
may also be used as a mordant in dyeing.[1] Etymology and vernacular names[edit] The Portuguese word carambola, first known use 1598, was taken from Marathi karambal derived from Sanskrit karmaphala.[25] The carambola is known under different names in different
countries. It should not be confused with the closely related bilimbi, with which it shares some common names. It is also called "starfruit" in English (including Jamaican English and Philippine English) and literally translates into Stjernefrugt in Danish,
Sternfrucht in German, and Stjärnfrukt in Swedish. In Spanish, it is known as carambola, carambolo, tamarindo chino, tamarindo culí, balimbín (Philippine Spanish, from Tagalog balimbing, plural is balimbines), and fruta china (Ecuador). In maritime Southeast
Asia, it is known as belimbing in Indonesian and Malay and balimbíng or saranate in Tagalog. In the Mariana Islandsit is called bilembines in the native Chamoru language. In Indochina, it is known as ma fueang (มะเฟือง) in Thai, maak fueang (ໝາກເຟືອງ) in Lao,
plae speu (ផ្លែស្ពឺ) in Cambodian, sungwarthi in Myanmar, and khế in Vietnamese. In East Asia, it is known yángtáo (楊桃/杨桃) in Chinese (Mandarin). In South Asia, it is known as kordoi (কৰ্দৈ) or rohdoi (ৰহদৈ) in Assamese, kamranga (কামরাঙ্গা) in Bengali, kamrakh
(कामरख) in Hindi and Gujarati, karambal-drakshi or kaparakshi hannu (ಕಪರಾಕ್ಷೀ ಹಣ್ಣು) in Kannada, chaturappuli (ചതുരപ്പുളി) or vairappuli (വൈരപ്പുളി) in Malayalam, karambal in Marathi and Konkani, karmanga (କରମଂଗା) in Odia, thambaratham (தம்பரத்தம்) in Tamil,
ambanamkaya(అ౦బాణ౦కాయ) in Telugu, khafrenga in Sylheti, theiherawt in Mizo, sohpynshong in Khasi, kamranga (කාමරංගා) in Sinhala, and dhaarepuli or bimbli in Tulu. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it is known as carambola in Portuguese; jimbilin in Jamaican
Patois; five finger in Guyanese Creoleand Trinidadian English; karanbol in Haitian Creole, Seychellois Creole, and Mauritian Creole; and fransman birambi in Sranan Tongo; and sterrenvrucht in Dutch. References[edit] 1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Julia
F. Morton (1987). "Carambola". In Julia F. Morton. Fruits of warm climates. pp. 125–128. 2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Averrhoa carambola L.". California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. Retrieved August 9, 2012. 3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Jonathan H. Crane (1994).
The Carambola (Star Fruit) (PDF). Fact Sheet HS-12. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida. 4. Jump up^ "Star Fruit". Fruitsinfo. Retrieved August 9, 2012. 5. Jump up^ "How to Eat Star Fruit". Buzzle. Retrieved August 5, 2012. 6. Jump
up^ "Carambola or Star Fruit". FloridaGardener.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012. 7. Jump up^ "Balimbing / Carambola / Star Fruit". Market Manila. Retrieved August 5, 2012. 8. Jump up^ Shui G, Leong LP (2004). "Analysis
of polyphenolic antioxidants in star fruit using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography. 1022 (1–2): 67–75. PMID 14753772. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.055. 9. Jump up^ Sripanidkulchai B, Tattawasart U, Laupattarakasem P, Wongpanich
V (2002). "Anti-inflammatory and bactericidal properties of selected indigenous medicinal plants used for dysuria". Thai J Pharm Sci. 26(1–2): 33–38. 10. Jump up^ Bungorn Sripanidkulchai; Unchalee Tattawasart; Pisamai Laupattarakasem; Varima Wongpanich (2002).
"Anti-inflammatory and Bactericidal Properties of Selected Indigenous Medicinal Plants Used for Dysuria" (PDF). Thai J. Pharm. Sci. 26 (1–2): 33–38.[permanent dead link] 11. ^ Jump up to:a b Garcia-Cairasco, N.; Moyses-Neto, M.; Del Vecchio, F.; Oliveira,
J. A. C.; Dos Santos, F. L.; Castro, O. W.; Arisi, G. M.; Dantas, M. R.; Carolino, R. O. G.; Coutinho-Netto, J.; Dagostin, A. L. A.; Rodrigues, M. C. A.; Leão, R. M.; Quintiliano, S. A. P.; Silva, L. F.; Gobbo-Neto, L.; Lopes, N. P. (2013). "Elucidating the
Neurotoxicity of the Star Fruit". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (49): 13067. PMID 24281890. doi:10.1002/anie.201305382. 12. Jump up^ Neto MM, Robl F, Netto JC (1998). "Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in six dialysis patients?
(Preliminary report)". Nephrol Dial Transplant. 13 (3): 570–2. PMID 9550629. doi:10.1093/ndt/13.3.570. 13. Jump up^ Chang JM, Hwang SJ, Kuo HT, et al. (2000). "Fatal outcome after ingestion of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in uremic patients". Am J Kidney
Dis. 35 (2): 189–93. PMID 10676715. doi:10.1016/S0272-6386(00)70325-8. 14. Jump up^ Chang CT, Chen YC, Fang JT, Huang CC (2002). "Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) intoxication: an important cause of consciousness disturbance in patients with renal failure".
Ren Fail. 24 (3): 379–82. PMID 12166706. doi:10.1081/JDI-120005373. 15. Jump up^ Neto MM, da Costa JA, Garcia-Cairasco N, Netto JC, Nakagawa B, Dantas M (2003). "Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in 32 uraemic patients: treatment and outcome".
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 18 (1): 120–5. PMID 12480969. doi:10.1093/ndt/18.1.120. 16. Jump up^ Chen LL, Fang JT, Lin JL (2005). "Chronic renal disease patients with severe star fruit poisoning: hemoperfusion may be an effective alternative therapy". Clin Toxicol
(Phila). 43 (3): 197–9. PMID 15902795. doi:10.1081/clt-57872. 17. Jump up^ Titchenal A & Dobbs J (2003-04-28). "Kidney patients should avoid star fruit". Nutrition ATC. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 18. Jump up^ Oliveira, Eduarda Savino Moreira de, & Aguiar, Aline
Silva de. (2015). Why eating star fruit is prohibited for patients with chronic kidney disease?. Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia, 37(2), 241-247. https://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0101-2800.20150037 19. Jump up^ Abstracts: Metabolism and metabolic enzymes studies
for the 8th National Congress on Drug and Xenobiotic Metabolism in China 20. Jump up^ Potential Drug-Food Interactions with Pomegranate JuiceArchived March 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. 21. Jump up^ "P450 Drug Interaction Table: Abbreviated "Clinically
Relevant" Table". iupui.edu. 22. ^ Jump up to:a b c Crop Protection & Plant Quarantine Services Division (2004). Technical Document for Market Access on Star Fruit (Carambola)(PDF). The Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry, Malaysia. 23. Jump up^
Hein Bijlmakers. "Star Fruit". Tropical Fruits. Retrieved August 9,2012. 24. Jump up^ Robert J. Knight; Jonathan H. Crane (2002). "The 'Arkin' Carambola in Florida" (PDF). Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 115: 92–93.[permanent dead link] 25. Jump up^ "Carambola
- Definition of carambola by Merriam-Webster". merriam-webster.com. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carambola. • Data related to Carambola at Wikispecies • Food portal • Plants portal Categories: • Flora of Florida • Trees of India
• Trees of Malesia • Trees of Nepal • Tropical agriculture • Tropical fruit
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