رک هرم و گنبد و منار رک و نار

رک. ا. (به انگلیسی: Spire; Rhenish helm spire) هر سازهٔ باریک و نوک تیزی که بر فراز ساختمان ساخته شود؛ معمولاً هرم باریک هشت‌ وجهی که روی برجی چهارگوش بنا می‌شود. رک در گویش شوشتری که متفاوت از گویش دزفولی است بلند و افراشته است. رک گویش شوشتری و تفاوت آن با دزفولی در همین لغت نامه.
همچنین


گنبدها یکی از علایم معماری اسلامی هستند که متنوع ترین آنها در ایران به کار گرفته شده اند. مصالح آنها از خشت خام با اندود کلاهگل یا آجر و سنگ است و رنگ آنها معمولاً آبی فیروزه ای است.
گنبدهای ایران به دو دسته رک و نار تقسیم می شوند. گنبدهای نار مانند گنبد مدرسه چهارباغ در اصفهان و گنبد میرزا رفعیا در اصفهان و گبد مسجد گوهرشاد در مشهد.
گنبدهای رک به سه گروه تقسیم می شوند که عبارتند از :
1. گنبدهای رک هرمی مانند مقبره فیض کاشانی در کاشان و گنبد خانقاه حاج عبدالصمد در نطنز
2. گنبدهای رک مخروطی مانند گنبد میل رادکان در قوچان
3. گنبدهای رک اورچین (پله پله ای ) مانند گنبد مقبره دانیال نبی (ع) در شوش گنبدهایی که ما از خارج بنا مشاهده می کنیم پوسته بیرونی بنای گنبد است که به آن اصطلاحاً «خود» می گویند، ولی گنبد دیگری در زیر گنبد خارجی وجود دارد که آن را از داخل مشاهده می کنیم و به آن اصصلاحاً «آهیانه» می گویند.
+ نوشته شده در سه شنبه هفتم تیر 1390ساعت 10:5 توسط جمالی | آرشیو نظرات
مناره ها
مناره های بناهایی هستند در قالب برج بلند و باریک که معمولاً در کنار مساجد و بقاع متبرکه برای گفتن اذان ساخته می شوند. کلمه منار یا مناره به معنای جای نور و نار (آتش) است.پلکان های مناره ها از داخل به صورت مارپیچ است و هر چه به طرف رأس منار پیش می رود پهنای پله ها کمتر و باریک تر می شود. قدیم ترین منار یا برج راهنمای موجود در ایران ، میل اژدها مربوط به دوره اشکانی است که در غرب نورآباد ممسنی قرار دارد. این میل 7 متربلندی دارد و مصالح آن سنگ های سفید با تراش منظم است.
از دوره ساسانی نیز ، مناری در فیروز آباد فارس باقی مانده است که به صورت توده بزرگی از سنگ و گچ است. این منار چهار ضلعی است و پلکان آن از خارج است . ارتفاع منار در اصل 33 متر بوده و ابعاد آن در پای منار حدود 11 متر است.
قدیمی ترین مناره دوره اسلامی در شهرستان قم واقع است. این مناره آجری علاوه بر عملکرد شاخص شهری احتمالاً به عنوان میل راهنما هم کاربرد داشته و در بالای آن اذان نیز گفته می شد. این مناره مدور و راه پله آن از درون است. از مناره های قدیمی دیگر مناره تاریخانه دامغان ، منار مسجد جورجیر اصفهان و منار خشتی مسجد جامع مخرج در یزد است. یکی دیگر از مناره های آجری قدیمی ایران مناره ایاز کنار مقبره ارسلان جاذب در نزدیکی مشهد است که مربوط به قرن چهارم هجری است.
منارها ابتدا منفرد بودند و مصالح آنها از خشت بود و بعدها با آجر همراه با تزیینات آجری و کتیبه ساخته شد. منار مسجد علی در اصفهان و منار تاریخانه بعداً به اصل بنا اضافه شده است. در همین زمان منارهای زوجی به ویژه ایوان های گنبد دار متعادل گردید که در این حالت به آن «گلدسته» نیز گفته می شود.
از قدیم ترین منارهای دوره سلجوقی می توان منار مسجد ساوه، منار مسجد پامنار و منار مسجد جامع کاشان را نام برد.
زیباترین منارهای زوجی ایران در دوره صفویه احداث شدند که نمونه های آن منارهای مسجدامام خمینی اصفهان، و منارهای مدرسه چهارباغ (مادرشاه) در اصفهان است.
هر گلدسته یا مأذنه شامل قسمت های زیر است :
1. پایه
2. بدنه یا ساقه
3. محل گفتن اذان (مأذنه)
4. تاج یا کلاهک

منبع:http://gardeshgar6.blogfa.com

قس انگلیسی

A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, particularly a church tower. Etymologically, the word is derived from the Old English word spir, meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass.[1]
Currently, the largest spire to be part of the architecture of another building is the spire mounted on the recently completed Q1 residential tower on the Gold Coast in Australia.[citation needed]
Contents [show]
[edit]General functions

Symbolically, spires have two functions. The first is to proclaim a martial power. A spire, with its reminiscence of the spear point, gives the impression of strength. The second is to reach up toward the skies.[2] The celestial and hopeful gesture of the spire is one reason for its association with religious buildings.[citation needed] A spire on a church or cathedral is not just a symbol of piety, but is often seen as a symbol of the wealth and prestige of the order, or patron who commissioned the building.
As an architectural ornament, spires are most consistently found on Christian churches, where they replace the steeple. Although any denomination may choose to use a spire instead of a steeple, the lack of a cross on the structure is more common in Roman Catholic and other pre-Reformation churches. The battlements of cathedrals featured multiple spires in the Gothic style (in imitation of the secular military fortress).
Spires are also common and notable as solo structure, in the way that obelisks are used. In the Modernist movements of the 20th century, office towers in the form of free-standing spires also began to be built. Some famous buildings, such as the Space Needle in Seattle, Washington, use the spire as a testimony of civic power and hope; in the case of this example, it is also a reference to Seattle's participation in aerospace. A 1,776-foot (541-m) One World Trade Center is a project at Ground Zero in New York City and is to be topped by a spire.
[edit]Gothic and neo-gothic spires

A spire declared the presence of the gothic church at a distance and advertised its connection to heaven. The tall, slender pyramidal twelfth-century spire on the south tower Chartres Catedral is one of the earliest spires. Openwork spires were an astounding architectural innovation, beginning with the early fourteenth-century spire at Freiburg cathedral, in which the pierced stonework was held together by iron cramps. The openwork spire, according to Robert Bork,[3] represents a "radical but logical extension of the Gothic tendency towards skeletal structure." The organic skeleton of Antoni Gaudi's phenomenal spires at the Sagrada Família in Barcelona represent an outgrowth of this Gothic tendency. Designed and begun by Gaudi in 1884, they were not completed until the 20th century.
In England, "spire" immediately brings to mind Salisbury Cathedral. Its 403-foot (123-m) spire, built between 1320 and 1380, is one of the tallest of the period anywhere in the world. A similar but slightly smaller spire was built at Leighton Buzzard in Bedfordshire, England, which indicates the popularity of the spire spreading across the country during this period. We will never know the true popularity of the medieval spire, as many more collapsed within a few years of building than ever survived to be recorded. In the United Kingdom spires generally tend to be reserved for ecclesiastical building, with the exception to this rule being the spire at Burghley House, built for Elizabeth I's Lord Chancellor in 1585.
In the early Renaissance the spire was not restricted to the United Kingdom: the fashion spread across Europe. After the destruction of the 135 m tall spire of the St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège in the 19th century, the 123 m spire of Antwerp is the tallest ecclesiastical structure in the low countries . Between 1221 and 1457 richly decorated open spires were built for the Cathedral of Burgos in Spain while at Ulm Cathedral in Germany the 529-foot (161-m) spire built in the imported French Gothic style between 1377 and 1417 ultimately failed.[4]
Interestingly, the Italians never really embraced the spire as an architectural feature, preferring the classical styles. The gothic style was a feature of Germanic northern Europe and was never to the Italian taste, and the few gothic buildings in Italy always seem incongruous.
The blend of the classical styles with a spire occurred much later. In 1822, in London, John Nash built All Souls' Church, Langham Place, a circular classical temple, with Ionic columns surmounted by a spire supported by Corinthian columns. Whether this is a happy marriage of styles or a rough admixture is a question of individual taste.
During the 19th century the Gothic revival knew no bounds. With advances in technology, steel production, and building techniques the spire enjoyed an unprecedented surge through architecture, Cologne Cathedral's famous spires, designed centuries earlier, were finally completed in this era.
Spires have never really fallen out of fashion. In the twentieth century reinforced concrete offered new possibilities for openwork spires.
[edit]Traditional types of spires

Conical stone spires: These are usually found on circular towers and turrets, usually of small diameter.
Masonry spires: These are found on medieval and revival churches and cathedrals, generally with towers that are square in plan. While masonry spires on a tower of small plan may be pyramidal, spires on towers of large plan are generally octagonal. The spire is supported on stone squinches which span the corners of the tower, making an octagonal plan. The spire of Salisbury Cathedral is of this type and is the tallest masonry spire in the world, remaining substantially intact since the 13th century. Other spires of this sort include the south spire of Chartres Cathedral, and the spires of Norwich Cathedral, Chichester Cathedral and Oxford Cathedral.
Openwork spires: These spires are constructed of a network of stone tracery, which, being considerably lighter than a masonry spire, can be built to greater heights. Many famous tall spires are of this type, including the spires of Strasbourg Cathedral, Ulm Minster, Vienna Cathedral, Prague Cathedral, Burgos Cathedral and the twin spires of Cologne Cathedral.
Complex spires: These are stone spires that combine both masonry and openwork elements. Some such spires were constructed in the Gothic style, such as the north spire of Chartres Cathedral. They became increasingly common in Baroque architecture, and are a feature of Christopher Wren's churches.
Clad spires: These are constructed with a wooden frame, often standing on a tower of brick or stone construction, but also occurring on wooden towers in countries where wooden buildings are prevalent. They are often clad in metal, such as copper or lead. They may also be tiled or shingled.
Clad spires can take a variety of shapes. These include:
Pyramidal spires, which may be of low profile, rising to a height not much greater than its width, or, more rarely, of high profile.
Rhenish helm spires: This is a four-sided spire which rises,, not from a horizontal base but from between four high steep gables, rising from the four sides of the tower. Each of the sections of the spire is trapezoid in shape, rising with increasing width from the corners of the tower to the top of the gables, to meet the other sides, then rising in pyramidal form to the apex.
Broached spires: These are octagonal spires sitting on a square tower, with a sections of spire rising from each corner of the tower, and bridging the spaces between the corners and four of the sides.
Bell-shaped spires: These spires, sometimes square in plan, occur mostly in Northern, Alpine and Eastern Europe, where they occur alternately with onion-shaped domes.
[edit]See also

Flèche
Clocher tors (fr) a full list of crooked spires in Europe
[edit]Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Spires
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
^ Robert Odell Bork, Great Spires: Skyscrapers of the New Jerusalem, 2003, explores the complex layering of religious and political significance in spires.
^ Robert Bork, "Into Thin Air: France, Germany, and the Invention of the Openwork Spire" The Art Bulletin 85.1 (March 2003, pp. 25-53), p 25.
^ The present spire at Ulm is neo-Gothic.
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Categories: TowersArchitectural elementsChurch architecture