هایپررئالیسم

هایپررئالیسم (به انگلیسی: Hyperrealism) به سبکی در نقاشی و مجسمه‌سازی گفته می‌شود که یک عکس یا نمونهٔ واقعی را با جزییاتِ دقیق تداعی کند.[۱]

تاریخچه [ویرایش]

هایپررئالیسم در فارسی به «فراواقعیت» ترجمه می‌شود.[۲] در واقع هایپررئالیسم به عنوان پیشرفتی در روش ساخت آثار نقاشی و مجسمهٔ فوتورئالیسم محسوب می‌گردد. این اصطلاح اولین‌بار در اوایل دههٔ ۲۰۰۰ در ایالات متحده آمریکا و اروپا به عنوان یک جنبش هنری مستقل و یک سبک هنری ظهور کرده‌است.[۳]

دیدگاه [ویرایش]

بهترین نقاشی‌های هایپررئالیسم معمولاً آن‌هایی‌اند که با عکس اشتباه گرفته می‌شوند و همین است که توانایی یک هنرمند هایپررئالیسم را نشان می‌دهد؛ توانایی تکنیکی تولید یک نقاشی که آن‌قدر به واقعیت نزدیک باشد که با عکس اشتباه گرفته شود. نقاشان این سبک در این روند آن‌قدر بر عدم دخالت در واقعیت تأکید دارند که کارشان ماشینی به نظر می‌رسد. اما یک هنرمند موفق کاری می‌کند که توانمندی در پس کار ظاهراً ماشینی تابلوهای هایپررئالیستی پنهان شود.[۴]

هنر هایپررئالیسم دنیای واقعی و فیزیکی را جدی می‌گیرد، آن‌قدر که گاهی در نقاشی‌ها با دنیای واقعی‌تری روبه‌رو هستیم تا در واقعیت. هایپررئالیسم تلاش می‌کند واقعیت را تا آن‌جا که می‌تواند تحریف‌نشده منتقل کند.[۵]

روش [ویرایش]

در هایپررئالیسم از عکس استفاده می‌شود، به این ترتیب که از یک صحنه چندین عکس از یک زاویه می‌گیرند، سپس شروع می‌کنند به نقاشی آن صحنه، پس از چاپ عکس‌ها، از آن برای تصحیح خطوط نقاشی و اگر رنگی بودند برای تصحیح رنگ‌ها استفاده می‌کنند؛ البته برای دقت بیشتر با شطرنجی کردن عکس کارشان را پیش می‌برند.[۶]

هنرمندان [ویرایش]

«کانالتو» هنرمند ایتالیایی و «ریچارد استس» را می‌توان از نقاشان بارز این سبک نام برد.[۷]

جستار وابسته [ویرایش]

فوتورئالیسم
جنبش‌های هنری
پی‌نوشت [ویرایش]

↑ هورست بردکمپ، «هایپررئالیسم: یک قدم آن‌طرف‌تر»، صفحهٔ ۱. انتشارات موزه تیت، بریتانیا. ۲۰۰۶.
↑ آشنایی با مکتب هایپررئالیسم.
↑ هورست بردکمپ، «هایپررئالیسم: یک قدم آن‌طرف‌تر»، صفحهٔ ۱. انتشارات موزه تیت، بریتانیا. ۲۰۰۶.
↑ آشنایی با مکتب هایپررئالیسم.
↑ آشنایی با مکتب هایپررئالیسم.
↑ آشنایی با مکتب هایپررئالیسم.
↑ آشنایی با مکتب هایپررئالیسم.
منابع [ویرایش]

«آشنایی با مکتب هایپررئالیسم (Hyperrealism)». تارنمای همشهری آنلاین، ۲۰ آذر ۱۳۹۰. بایگانی‌شده از نسخهٔ اصلی در ۲۵ آذر ۱۳۹۰.
[نهفتن]
ن • ب • و
جنبش‌های هنری
سده‌های ۱۴ تا ۱۸
گوتیک بین‌المللی · رنسانس (۱۴ام تا ۱۵ام) · شیوه‌گرایی (منریسم) (۱۶ام) · باروک - کلاسیسیسم (۱۷ام) · روکوکو - نوکلاسیسیسم - رمانتیسیسم (۱۸ام)
سدهٔ ۱۹
واقع‌گرایی (رئالیسم) · مکتب باربیزون · پیشارافائلی‌ها · هنر آکادمیک · دریافتگری (امپرسیونیسم) · پسادریافتگری (پست‌امپرسیونیسم) · نودریافتگری (نئوامپرسیونیسم) · تفکیک‌گری (دیویزیونیسم) · نقطه‌چینی (پوینتیلیسم) · نبی‌ها · ترکیب‌گری (سنتتیسم) · نمادگرایی (سمبلیسم) · مکتب هادسون ریور · مجزاگری (کلویزونیسم)
سدهٔ ۲۰
آینده‌گری (فوتوریسم) · تابشگری (ریونیسم) · حجم‌گرایی (کوبیسم) · اُرفیسم · ناب‌گرایی (پوریسم) · هیجان‌نمایی (اکسپرسیونیسم) · هیجان‌نمایی انتزاعی · نوهیجان‌نمایی · دادائیسم · انجمن هنرمندان جدید مونیخ · سوارکار آبی · دَوَران‌گری (ورتیسیسم) · بروکه · فوویسم · مکتب اَشکَن · نوفوویسم · هنر نو (آرت نوو) · باوهاوس · د استایل · آرت دکو · هنر دیدگانی (آپ آرت) · مکتب واقع‌گرایی خیالی وین · هنر عامه (پاپ آرت) · فوتورئالیسم · راست‌خط‌کاری (پرسیژنیسم) · والاگرایی (سوپره‌ماتیسم) · فراواقع‌گرایی (سورئالیسم) · نوواقع‌گرایی (نُوُ رئالیسم) · واقع‌گرایی اجتماعی · انتزاع پسانقاشانه · ساده‌گرایی · هنر چیدمان · انتزاع تغزلی · تاشیسم · نقاشی اَکشِن · کبرا · فلوکسوس · نامه‌گرایی (لتِریسم) · موقعیت‌گرای بین‌الملل · هنر مفهومی · هنر زمینی · هنر اجرایی · هنر ویدئویی · نودادا · هنر بیرونی · لوبرو · هنر رسانه جدید · هنرمندان جوان بریتانیایی · هنر دستگاهی · هنر فمینیستی · هنر ارتباطی · هنر بازی‌های ویدئویی
سدهٔ ۲۱
هایپررئالیسم · استاکیسم بین‌الملل · بازنوگرایی · تصویروشعر · هنر مداخله · واقع‌گرایی کاذب · هنر صدا · سوپراستروک · سوپرفلت · سوفلو سوپرفلت
مقالات مرتبط
هنر پیشرو · هنر نوگرا · هنر پسانوگرا
درگاه هنرهای تجسمی
رده‌های صفحه: جنبش‌های هنریسبک‌های هنری
از ویکی پدیا

همچنین:

Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution photograph. Hyperrealism is considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.[1]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Style and methods
3 Themes
4 Hyperrealists
5 References
[edit]History



Howard Kanovitz, Visible Difference, Lithograph on Paper, Smithsonian American Art Museum, 1980
Belgian art dealer Isy Brachot coined the French word Hyperréalisme, meaning Photorealism, as the title of a major exhibition and catalogue at his gallery in Brussels in 1973. The exhibition was dominated by such American Photorealists as Ralph Goings, Chuck Close, Don Eddy, Robert Bechtle and Richard McLean; but it included such influential European artists as Gnoli, Richter, Klapheck and Delcol. Since then, Hyperealisme has been used by European artists and dealers to apply to painters influenced by the Photorealists.


Charles Bell, Circus Act, Silkscreen on Paper, Smithsonian American Art Museum, 1995
Early 21st century Hyperrealism was founded on the aesthetic principles of Photorealism. American painter Denis Peterson, whose pioneering works are universally viewed as an offshoot of Photorealism, first used [2] "Hyperrealism" to apply to the new movement and its splinter group of artists.[3][4][5] Graham Thompson wrote "One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also called super-realism or hyper-realism and painters like Richard Estes, Denis Peterson, Audrey Flack, and Chuck Close often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs." [6]
However, Hyperrealism is contrasted with the literal approach found in traditional photorealist paintings of the late 20th century.[7] Hyperrealist painters and sculptors use photographic images as a reference source from which to create a more definitive and detailed rendering, one that often, unlike Photorealism, is narrative and emotive in its depictions. Strict Photorealist painters tended to imitate photographic images, omitting or abstracting certain finite detail to maintain a consistent over-all pictorial design.[8][9] They often omitted human emotion, political value, and narrative elements. Since it evolved from Pop Art, the photorealistic style of painting was uniquely tight, precise, and sharply mechanical with an emphasis on mundane, everyday imagery.[10]
Hyperrealism, although photographic in essence, often entails a softer, much more complex focus on the subject depicted, presenting it as a living, tangible object. These objects and scenes in Hyperrealism paintings and sculptures are meticulously detailed to create the illusion of a reality not seen in the original photo. That is not to say they're surreal, as the illusion is a convincing depiction of (simulated) reality. Textures, surfaces, lighting effects, and shadows appear clearer and more distinct than the reference photo or even the actual subject itself.[11]
Hyperrealism has its roots in the philosophy of Jean Baudrillard, ”the simulation of something which never really existed.” [12] As such, Hyperrealists create a false reality, a convincing illusion based on a simulation of reality, the digital photograph. Hyperreal paintings and sculptures are an outgrowth of extremely high-resolution images produced by digital cameras and displayed on computers. As Photorealism emulated analog photography, Hyperrealism uses digital imagery and expands on it to create a new sense of reality.[2][13] Hyperrealistic paintings and sculptures confront the viewer with the illusion of manipulated high-resolution images, though more meticulous.[14]
[edit]Style and methods

The Hyperrealist style focuses much more of its emphasis on details and the subjects. Hyperreal paintings and sculptures are not strict interpretations of photographs, nor are they literal illustrations of a particular scene or subject. Instead, they utilize additional, often subtle, pictorial elements to create the illusion of a reality which in fact either does not exist or cannot be seen by the human eye.[15] Furthermore, they may incorporate emotional, social, cultural and political thematic elements as an extension of the painted visual illusion; a distinct departure from the older and considerably more literal school of Photorealism.[16]


Duane Hanson, Woman Eating, polyester resin, fiberglass, polychromed in oil paint with clothes, table, chair and accessories, Smithsonian American Art Museum, 1971
Hyperrealist painters and sculptors make allowances for some mechanical means of transferring images to the canvas or mold, including preliminary drawings or grisaille underpaintings and molds. Photographic slide projections or multi media projectors are used to project images onto canvases and rudimentary techniques such as gridding may also be used to ensure accuracy.[17] Sculptures utilize polyesters applied directly onto the human body or mold. Hyperrealism requires a high level of technical prowess and virtuosity to simulate a false reality. As such, Hyperrealism incorporates and often capitalizes upon photographic limitations such as depth of field, perspective and range of focus. Anomalies found in digital images, such as fractalization, are also exploited to emphasize their digital origins by some Hyperrealist painters, such as Chuck Close, Denis Peterson, Bert Monroy and Robert Bechtle.[18]
[edit]Themes

Subject matter ranges from portraits, figurative art, still life, landscapes, cityscapes and narrative scenes. The more recent hyperrealist style is much more literal than Photorealism as to exact pictorial detail with an emphasis on social, cultural or political themes. This also is in stark contrast to the newer concurrent Photorealism with its continued avoidance of photographic anomalies. Hyperrealist painters at once simulate and improve upon precise photographic images to produce optically convincing visual illusions of reality, often in a social or cultural context.[19][20]


Ian Hornak, Angel Concert, Silkscreen on Paper, Smithsonian American Art Museum, 1976
Some hyperrealists have exposed totalitarian regimes and third world military governments through their narrative depictions of the legacy of hatred and intolerance.[21] Denis Peterson, Gottfried Helnwein and Latif Maulan depicted political and cultural deviations of societal decadence in their work. Peterson's work[22] focused on diasporas, genocides and refugees.[23] Helnwein developed unconventionally narrative work that centered around past, present and future deviations of the Holocaust. Maulan’s work is primarily a critique of society’s apparent disregard for the helpless, the needy and the disenfranchised.[24] Provocative subjects include enigmatic imagery of genocides, their tragic aftermath and the ideological consequences.[25][26] Thematically, these controversial hyperreal artists aggressively confronted the corrupted human condition through narrative paintings as a phenomenological medium.[27] These lifelike paintings are an historical commentary on the grotesque mistreatment of human beings.[28][29]
Hyperreal paintings and sculptures further create a tangible solidity and physical presence through subtle lighting and shading effects. Shapes, forms and areas closest to the forefront of the image visually appear beyond the frontal plane of the canvas; and in the case of sculptures, details have more clarity than in nature.[30] Hyperrealistic images are typically 10 to 20 times the size of the original photographic reference source, yet retain an extremely high resolution in color, precision and detail. Many of the paintings are achieved with an airbrush, using acrylics, oils or a combination of both. Ron Mueck’s lifelike sculptures are scaled much larger or smaller than life and finished in incredibly convincing detail through the meticulous use of polyester resins and multiple molds. Bert Monroy’s digital images appear to be actual paintings taken from photographs, yet they are fully created on computers.
[edit]Hyperrealists

Robert Bechtle
Charles Bell
Jacques Bodin
Claudio Bravo
Juan Francisco Casas
Hilo Chen
Chuck Close
Boris Dragojevic
Don Eddy
Gilles Paul Esnault
Richard Estes
Carole Feuerman
Franz Gertsch
Duane Hanson
John De Andrea
Gottfried Helnwein
Antonio López
Ian Hornak
Mark Jenkins
Howard Kanovitz
David Kassan
Sebastian Kruger
Andrey Lekarski
Nestor Leynes
Jorge Melicio
Malcolm Morley
Bert Monroy
Ron Mueck
Robert Neffson
Jerry Ott
Denis Peterson
Patricia Piccinini
Terry Rodgers
Alicia St. Rose
Zeljko Srdic
Suzana Stojanovic
Dragan Malesevic Tapi
Paul Thek[31]
Glennray Tutor
Alison Van Pelt
Willem van Veldhuizen
Paul John Wonner
Eric Zener
Taner Ceylan
[edit]References

^ Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism - One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1
^ a b Thompson, Graham: American Culture in the 1980s (Twentieth Century American Culture) Edinburgh University Press, 2007 P. 77-79
^ Jean-Pierre Criqui, Jean-Claude Lebensztejn interview, Artforum International, June 1, 2003
^ Thompson, Graham: American Culture in the 1980s Edinburgh University Press, 2007 P. 77-79
^ Robert Bechtle: A Retrospective by Michael Auping, Janet Bishop, Charles Ray, and Jonathan Weinberg. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, (2005). ISBN 978-0-520-24543-3
^ Thompson, Graham: American Culture in the 1980s (Twentieth Century American Culture) Edinburgh University Press, 2007 P. 78
^ Mayo, Deborah G., 1996, Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. P. 57-72
^ Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, The Not-So-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp 14-15.
^ Nochlin, Linda, The Realist Criminal and the Abstract Law II, Art In America. 61 (November - December 1973), P. 98.
^ New Britain Museum of American Art - Educational Resources
^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 12.
^ Jean Baudrillard, "Simulacra and Simulation", Ann Arbor Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1981
^ Horrocks, Chris and Zoran Jevtic. Baudrillard For Beginners. Cambridge: Icon Books, 1996. p. 80-84
^ Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism - One Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1-4.
^ Fleming, John and Honour, Hugh The Visual Arts: A History, 3rd Edition. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 1991. p. 680-710
^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980.
^ Meisel, Louis K. Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. 1980. p. 12-13.
^ Battock, Gregory. Preface to Photorealism. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1980. pp 8-10.
^ Petra Halkes, "A Fable in Pixels and Paint - Gottfried Helnwein's American Prayer". Image & Imagination, Le Mois de la Photo à Montréal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005 (ISBN 0-7735-2969-1)
^ Alicia Miller, "The Darker Side of Playland: Childhood Imagery from the Logan Collection at SFMOMA", Artweek, US, Nov 1, 2000
^ Jean Baudrillard, "The Precession of Simulacra", in Media and Cultural Studies : Keyworks, Durham & Kellner, eds. ISBN 0-631-22096-8
^ Thompson, Graham: American Culture in the 1980s Edinburgh University Press, 2007 P. 77-79
^ Robert Ayers, Art Critic, “Art Without Edges: Images of Genocide in Lower Manhattan”, Art Info June 2, 2006 [1]
^ Daniel Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (1992). ISBN 978-0-679-74180-0
^ Christoper Ashley, Denis Peterson - Don't Shed No Tears"
^ Julia Pascal, "Nazi Dreaming", New Statesman, UK, April 10, 2006
^ George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society (2004). ISBN 978-0-7619-8812-0
^ Christoper Rywalt, "Denis Peterson", NYC Art, June 7, 2006
^ Robert Flynn Johnson, Curator in Charge, "The Child - Works by Gottfried Helnwein", California Palace of the Legion of Honor, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, ISBN 0-88401-112-7, 2004
^ Daniel Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (1992). Random House ISBN 978-0-679-74180-0
^ During 1967 Paul Thek's exhibition at the Pace Gallery in New York City called Death of a Hippie, [2], predicted the hyperrealist sculptural movement.
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Categories: Modern artPhotorealism