کنت ارل کنتس

کُنت comte برابر با اِرل انگلیسی، واژه‌ایست که از زبان فرانسوی به فارسی آمده و یکی از لقبهای نجیب‌زادگان در اروپا بوده است.این واژه ریشه در زبان لاتین Comes دارد و در این زبان معنای همنِشین و همپیمان می‌داده است.سپس در روم معنای همنشین امپراتور و آنگاه نمایندهٔ امپراتور را یافت. در نبود واژه ای مونس برای نامیدن همسر ارل در انگلستان، این دست خانمها را بناچار "کنتس" می گویند.

رده‌های صفحه: القاب نجیب‌زادگان عنوان‌ها فئودالیسم قرون وسطی

قس عربی
الکونت[1] لقب یطلق على النبلاء أو الشخصیات ذات الثراء والمرکز الاجتماعی المرموق فی البلدان الأوروبیة، حیث استعمل هذا اللقب منذ أواخر عصر الإمبراطوریة الرومانیة باشتقاقه من مصطلح Comes أو باللاتینیة comitis ویعنی "الرفقة الإمبراطوریة" أو "الحاشیة".
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[عدل]مراجع

^ لفظ فرنسی دخیل، معربهُ الکُنتُ، والکُند من conde بالإسبانیة والقُمس والقومس من comes باللاتینیة.
هذه بذرة مقالة عن اصطلاح تحتاج للنمو والتحسین، فساهم فی إثرائها بالمشارکة فی تحریرها.
تصنیفات: اصطلاحاتکونتاتعصور وسطىإقطاعألقاب نبلاء

قس اسپانیائی

Conde (o, antiguamente, cómite o cuende) es uno de los títulos europeos con el que los monarcas muestran su gratitud a ciertas personas.


Corona condal.
Este reconocimiento suele llevar parejo un determinado tratamiento asociado al mismo pero actualmente no concede ningún tipo de privilegio, como antaño que recibían tierras o exenciones de impuestos, entre otras gracias.
Su origen está en los comités ("acompañantes del emperador") del Bajo Imperio Romano. Tenían un cargo político-administrativo con funciones militares, sobre todo en la defensa de las fronteras. [cita requerida]
La esposa del conde o que ostenta el título es conocida como condesa.
Contenido [mostrar]
[editar]Historia

Conde viene de la palabra latina comes que significa compañero. Entre los romanos se usó de este título para designar a los que estaban al lado del emperador y le acompañaban en sus viajes y aún algunos pretenden que era ya conocido en tiempo de la república, y que se daba a los tribunos, prefectos y otros que acompañaban a los procónsules y demás oficiales superiores en las provincias de sus departamentos. Mas no se ha considerado como dignidad hasta el imperio de Constantino, quien nombró condes para el servicio de tierra y de mar, para los asuntos de paz y guerra y para los de religión, entre otros. [cita requerida]
En España existieron los títulos de condes en tiempo de los godos y en los primeros siglos de la monarquía legionense fueron títulos de oficio y no de honor como actualmente. Había condes palatinos y condes de provincias. [cita requerida]
Los condes palatinos ponían el cuidado y manejo de los oficios que había en la corte y de los concernientes a la servidumbre del rey en su palacio. [cita requerida]
conde cubiculario era el camarero mayor
conde de la picerna el Mayordomo Mayor
conde de la copa el que tenía a su cargo la despensa, mesa real y lo anejo a ella.
fuera de palacio se conocían otros, como el conde de los notarios, o chanciller mayor, y el conde de los patrimonios, o tesorero general de rentas reales.
Los condes de provincias solían reunir la jurisdicción civil, política y militar de los distritos cuyo gobierno se les confiaba y que tomaban el nombre de condados; pero estos empleos no fueron vitalicios ni hereditarios, sino temporales y al arbitrio del monarca y aún había en ellos graduación y alternativa, y como cierta escala para pasar de unos a otros, según los servicios y méritos de estos magistrados o gobernadores.
Para elegir o trasladar a los condes consultaban los reyes no solamente el mérito personal, sino también el de sus antepasados, premiándolo en sus hijos si eran capaces de desempeñar tan grave y delicado encargo. Enorgullecidos con su poder, los condes de Castilla, cuya historia es la mas rica en patrañas y fábulas, fueron rebeldes en varias ocasiones y faltaron al respeto y obediencia debida a sus reyes y si no lograron sacudir el yugo de sus legítimos soberanos, les dieron mil disgustos y consiguieron por un tácito consentimiento de ellos, hacer hereditarios sus condados: novedad política quo duró poco tiempo pues cesó en la época de Fernando el Magno. [cita requerida]
Llegó después una época en que la denominación de conde no designaba ya un oficio en palacio o un empleo ornando público en las provincias, sino que empezó a ser un título de honor o condecoración del señorío territorial. El rey Alfonso el Sabio fue el primero que dio títulos perpetuos de condes con tierras cuando nombró a sus primos don Luis y don Juan condes de Belmonto. En 1293 confirmó Sancho IV de Castilla el señorío de santa Eufemia con título de condado. Alfonso XI dio en 1328 título de conde de Trastamar, Leínos y Sarria, a Álvaro Núñez de Osorio, su privado y desde aquel tiempo se fue introduciendo la costumbre de dar títulos de condes con el señorío de tierras y jurisdicción civil y criminal sobre los vasallos.1
A partir del siglo XIX, este título es simplemente honorífico. [cita requerida]
El tratamiento que reciben los poseedores de este título nobiliario es el de Ilustrísimo si dicho título no posee la Grandeza de España, o el de Excelentísimo si la posee. [cita requerida]
[editar]Véase también

Títulos reales
[editar]Enlaces externos

Títulos Nobiliarios
El título de Conde
[editar]Referencias

↑ Diccionario razonado de legislación y jurisprudencia, Joaquín Escriche, 1847
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Categoría: Tratamientos de la jerarquía nobiliaria

قس انگلیسی

A count (male) or countess (female) is an aristocratic nobleman in European countries. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The adjective form of the word is "comital". The British and Irish equivalent is an earl (whose wife is a "countess", for lack of an English term). Alternative names for the "Count" rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as Graf in Germany and Hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era.
Contents [show]
[edit]Definition

Main article: Comes
In the late Roman Empire, the Latin title comes meaning (imperial) "companion" denoted the high rank of various courtiers and provincial officials, either military or administrative: before Anthemius was made emperor in the West in 467, he was military comes charged with strengthening defenses on the Danube frontier.[1]
In the Western Roman Empire Count came to generically indicate a military commander, but was not a specific rank. In the Eastern Roman Empire, from about the seventh century, a count was a specific rank indicating the commander of two centuries (i.e. 200 men).
Military counts in the Late Empire and the Germanic successor kingdoms were often appointed by a dux and later by a king. From the start the count was in charge, not of a roving warband, but settled in a locality, a countship, his main rival for power being the bishop, whose diocese was often coterminous.
In many Germanic and Frankish kingdoms in the early Middle Ages, the count might also be a count palatine, whose authority derived directly from the royal household, the "palace" in its original sense of the seat of power and administration. This other kind of count had vague antecedents in Late Antiquity too: the father of Cassiodorus held positions of trust with Theodoric, as comes rerum privatarum, in charge of the imperial lands, then of comes sacrarum largitionum (concerned with the strictly monetary fiscal matters of the realm).[2]
The position of comes was originally not hereditary. By holding large estates, many counts were able to make it a hereditary title—though not always. For instance, in Piast Poland, the position of komes was not hereditary, resembling the early Merovingian institution. The title had disappeared by the era of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the office replaced with other institutions. Only after the Partitions of Poland did the title of "count" re-surface in the German-derived title hrabia.
The title of Count was also often conferred by the monarch as an honorific title for special services rendered, without an actual feudal estate (countship, county), just a title, with or without a domain name attached to it. In the UK, the equivalent Earl is often a courtesy title for the eldest son of a duke. In the United Kingdom stringent rules apply, often a future heir has a lower ranking courtesy title; in Italy, by contrast, all the sons of certain counts are counts (contini). In Sweden there is a distinction between counts (Swedish: greve) introduced before 1809 and after. All children in countship families introduced before 1809 are called count/countess. In families introduced after 1809 only the head of the family is called count, the rest had a status similar to barons and were called Mr. and Ms./Mrs. (before the use of titles was abolished).
[edit]Comitial titles in different European languages

The following lists are originally based on a Glossary on Heraldica.org by Alexander Krischnig. The male form is followed by the female, and when available, by the territorial circumscription.
[edit]Etymological derivations from the Latin comes
Language Male title Female title / Spouse Territory
Albanian Kont Konteshë
Armenian Կոմս (Koms) Կոմսուհի (Komsuhi)
Bulgarian Кмет (Kmet), present meaning: mayor; medieval (9th-century) Комит (Komit): hereditary provincial ruler Кметица (Kmetitsa), woman mayor / Кметша (Kmetsha), mayor's wife Кметство (Kmetstvo); medieval Комитат (Komitat)
Cantonese Pak Tsoek 伯爵 Neoi Pak Tsoek 女伯爵, female count / Pak Tsoek Fu Yan 伯爵夫人, count's wife
Catalan Comte Comtessa Comtat
Danish Komtesse (Unmarried daughter of a count.)
English Count (applies to title granted by monarchies other than the British where Earl applies) Countess (even where Earl applies) Earldom for an Earl; Countship or county for a count, but the last is also, and indeed rather, in English-Speaking countries an administrative district
French Comte Comtesse Comté
Hungarian Vikomt Vikomtessz These forms are now archaic and/or literary; Gróf is used instead.
Irish Cunta; Iarla Cuntaois, Baniarla Honorary title only; iarla does not derive from Latin comes but rather from English "earl".
Italian Conte Contessa Contea, Contado, Comitato
Greek Κόμης (Kómēs) Κόμησσα (Kómēssa) Κομητεία (Komēteía); in the Ionian Islands the respective Italianate terms Kóntes, Kontéssa were used instead
Japanese Hakushaku 伯爵 Hakushaku fujin 伯爵婦人
Latin (feudal jargon, not classical) Comes Comitissa Comitatus
Maltese Konti Kontessa
Monegasque Conte Contessa
Norwegian Komtesse (Unmarried daughter of a count.) Norway has no official nobility besides the Royal Family
Portuguese Conde Condessa Condado
Romanian Conte Contesă Comitat
Romansh Cont Contessa
Spanish Conde Condesa Condado
Swedish Greve Grevinna Grevskap
Turkish Kont Kontes Kontluk
[edit]Etymological parallels of the German Graf (some unclear)
Language Male title Female title / Spouse Territory
Afrikaans Graaf Gravin Graafskap
Belarusian Граф (Hraf) Графiня (Hrafinia) Графствa (Hrafstva)
Bulgarian Граф (Graf) Графиня (Grafinya) Графство (Grafstvo)
Croatian Grof Grofica Grofovija
Czech Hrabě Hraběnka Hrabství
Danish Greve Grevinde Grevskab
Dutch Graaf Gravin Graafschap
English Grave Gravine Graviate
Estonian Krahv Krahvinna Krahvkond
Finnish Kreivi Kreivitär Kreivikunta
German Graf Gräfin Grafschaft
Greek Γράβος
Hungarian Gróf Grófnő, Grófné Grófság
Icelandic Greifi Greifynja
Latvian Grāfs Grāfiene Grāfiste
Lithuanian Grafas Grafienė Grafystė
Luxembourgish Graf Gräfin
Macedonian Гроф (Grof) Грофица (Grofica)
Norwegian Greve Grevinne Grevskap
Polish Hrabia Hrabina Hrabstwo
Romanian Grof (also Conte, see above)
Russian Граф (Graf) Графиня (Grafinya) Графство (Grafstvo)
Serbian Гроф Грофица Грофовија
Slovak Gróf Grófka Grófstvo
Slovene Grof Grofica Grofija
Swedish Greve Grevinna Grevskap
Ukrainian Граф (Hraf) Графиня (Hrafynya) Графство (Hrafstvo)
[edit]Compound and related titles
Apart from all these, a few unusual titles have been of comital rank, not necessarily to remain there.
Dauphin (English: Dolphin; Spanish: Delfín; Italian: Delfino Latin: Delphinus) was a multiple (though rare) comital title in southern France, used by the Dauphins of Vienne and Auvergne, before 1349 when it became the title of the heir to the French throne. The Dauphin was the lord of the province still known as the région Dauphiné
Conde-Duque "Count-Duke" is a rare title used in Spain, notably by Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares who had inherited the title of count of Olivares, but being created Duke of Sanlucar la Mayor by King Philip IV of Spain begged permission to preserve his inherited title in combination with the new honour—according to a practice almost unique in Spanish history; logically the incumbent ranks as Duke (higher than Count) just as he would when simply juxtapositioning both titles.
Conde-Barão 'Count-Baron' is a rare title used in Portugal, notably by D. Luís Lobo da Silveira, 7th Baron of Alvito, who received the title of Count of Oriola in 1653 from King John IV of Portugal. His palace in Lisbon still exists, located in a square named after him (Largo do Conde-Barão).
Archcount is a very rare title, etymologically analogous to archduke, apparently never recognized officially, used by or for:
the count of Flanders (an original pairie of the French realm in present Belgium, very rich, once expected to be raised to the rank of kingdom); the informal, rather descriptive use on account of the countship's de facto importance is rather analogous to the unofficial epithet Grand Duc de l'Occident (before Grand duke became a formal title) for the even wealthier Duke of Burgundy
at least one Count of Burgundy (i.e. Freigraf of Franche-Comté)
In German kingdoms, the title Graf was combined with the word for the jurisdiction or domain the nobleman was holding as a fief and/or as a conferred or inherited jurisdiction, such as "Markgraf" (Margrave—see also Marquess), "Landgraf" ("landgrave"), "Freigraf" ("free count"), "Burggraf" ("Burgrave", where burg signifies castle; see also Viscount), Pfalzgraf (see (Count) Palatine), "Raugraf" (Raugrave, see "graf". Originally a unique title) and "Waldgraf" (waldgrave (comes nemoris), where wald signifies a large forest).
The German Graf and Dutch graaf (Latin: Grafio) stems from the Byzantine-Greek grapheus meaning "he who calls a meeting [i.e. the court] together").[citation needed]
These titles are not to be confused with various minor administrative titles containing the word -graf in various offices which are not linked to nobility of feudality, such as the Dutch titles Pluimgraaf (a court sinecure, so usually held by noble courtiers, may even be rendered hereditary) and Dijkgraaf (to the present, in the Low Countries, a managing official in the local or regional administration of water household trough dykes, ditches, controls etcetera; also in German Deichgraf, synonymous with Deichhauptmann, "dike captain").
[edit]Lists of countships

[edit]Territory of today's France
[edit]West-Francia proper
Since Louis VII (1137–80), the highest precedence amongst the vassals (Prince-bishops and secular nobility) of the French crown was enjoyed by those whose benefice or temporal fief was a pairie, i.e. carried the exclusive rank of pair; within the first (i.e. clerical) and second (noble) estates, the first three of the original twelve anciennes pairies were ducal, the next three comital comté-pairies:
Bishop-counts of Beauvais (in Picardy)
Bishop-counts of Châlons (in Champagne)
Bishop-counts of Noyon (in Picardy)
Count of Toulouse, until united to the crown in 1271 by marriage
Count of Flanders (Flandres in French), which is in the Low countries and was confiscated in 1299, though returned in 1303
Count of Champagne, until united to the crown (in 1316 by marriage, conclusively in 1361)
Later other countships (and duchies, even baronies) have been raised to this French peerage, but mostly as apanages (for members of the royal house) or for foreigners; after the 16th century all new peerages were always duchies and the medieval countship-peerages had died out, or were held by royal princes
Other French countships of note included those of:
Count of Angoulême, later Dukes
Count of Anjou, later Dukes
Count of Auvergne
Count of Bar, later Dukes
Count of Blois
Count of Boulogne
Count of Foix
Count of Montpensier
Count of Poitiers
Count of Saint Germain
[edit]Parts of today's France long within other kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire
Freigraf ("free count") of Burgundy (i.e. present Franche-Comté)
The Dauphiné
[edit]The Holy Roman Empire
See also above for parts of present France
[edit]In Germany
Main article: Graf
A Graf ruled over a territory known as a Grafschaft, literally 'countship' (also rendered as 'county'). See also various comital and related titles; especially those actually reigning over a principality that can be rendered as countship: Gefürsteter Graf, Landgraf, Reichsgraf; compare Markgraf, Pfalzgraf
[edit]In Italy
The title of Conte is very prolific on the peninsula, and modern counts occupy the position in rural society comparable to an English squire, members of rural gentry. In the eleventh century however, conti like the Count of Savoia or the Norman Count of Apulia, were virtually sovereign lords of broad territories. Even apparently "lower"-sounding titles, like Viscount, could describe powerful dynasts, such as the Visconti family who ruled a major city such as Milan. The essential title of a feudatory, introduced by the Normans, was signore, modelled on the French seigneur, used with the name of the fief. By the fourteenth century, conte and the Imperial title barone were virtually synonymous, but some titles of count, according to the particulars of the patent, might be inherited by the eldest son of a Count. Other younger brothers might be distinguished as "X dei conti di Y" ("X of the counts of Y"). However if there is no male to inherit the title and the count has a daughter, she can inherit the title: for example the Countess Luisa Gazelli di Rossana e di Sebastiano, mother of Queen Paola of Belgium. The Papacy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies might appoint counts palatine with no particular territorial fief. Until 1812 in some regions, the purchaser of land designated "feudal" was ennobled by the noble seat that he held and became a conte. This practice ceased with the formal abolition of feudalism in the various principalities of early-19th century Italy, last of all in the Papal States.
Many Italian counts left their mark on Italian history as individuals, yet only a few contadi (countships; the word contadini for its inhabitants remains the Italian word for "peasant") were politically significant principalities, notably:
Norman Count of Apulia
Count of Savoy, later Duke (also partly in France and in Switzerland)
Count of Asti
Count of Montferrat (Monferrato)
Count of Montefeltro
Count of Tusculum
[edit]Holy See


Christopher de Paus, a Norwegian convert to Roman Catholicism, a papal chamberlain and a relative of Henrik Ibsen, was conferred the title of count by Pope Pius XI
Count is one of the noble titles granted by the Pope as a temporal sovereign and the title's holder is sometimes informally known as a papal count or less so as a Roman count, often confused with the hereditary Roman nobility since the restoration of the Papal States in 1815. The comital title, which can be for life or hereditary, has been awarded in various forms by popes and Holy Roman Emperors since the Middle Ages, infrequently before the 14th century, and the pope continued to grant the comital and other noble title even after 1870, especially to prominent foreign Catholics. This comital title is no longer conferred, although titles already granted are recognised by the Holy See. By the Lateran Accord of 1929, the Italian government recognized and confirmed the pope's power to grant nobilary titles, and the titles granted by the Pope were considered equivalent to Italian titles. American Francis A. MacNutt, a papal chamberlain at the Vatican and a papal knight was also a papal marquis, having his noble title conferred by Pius X. American financier George MacDonald of New York was created a papal marquis in the 1930s and Long Island philanthropist Genevieve Brady was created a papal duchess by Pope Pius XI in the 1930s. However, noble titles have not been generously granted since Pope Pius XII. Count John McCormack and Countess Rose Kennedy were some of the last few to receive this honor. With Paul VI, who responded to the formal Christmas message of the patriciate by declaring that the papal nobility would no longer be a constituent body in the papal court, the custom essentially disappeared. Pope John Paul II did grant several noble titles to Polish compatriots at the beginning of his pontificate, but quietly and without their being published in the Acts of The Apostolic See. The popes continue to award knighthoods and medals of merit on a regular basis which do not confer noble status.[3]
[edit]In Austria
The principalities tended to start out as margraviate and/or (promoted to) duchy, and became nominal archduchies within the Habsburg dynasty; noteworthy are:
Count of Tyrol
Count of Cilli
Count of Schaumburg
[edit]In Poland
Numerous small ones, particularly:
Counts of Galicia and Poland
Count Zaleski
[edit]In Galicia (Central Europe)
Particularly see:
Counts of Galicia
[edit]In the Low Countries
Apart from various small ones, significant were :
in present Belgium :
Count of Flanders (Vlaanderen in local Dutch), but only the small part east of the river Schelde remained within the empire; the far larger west, an original French comté-pairie became part of the French realm
Count of Hainaut
Count of Namur, later a margraviate
Count of Leuven (Louvain) soon became the Duke of Brabant
Count of Mechelen, though the Heerlijkheid Mechelen was given the title of "Graafschap" in 1490, the city was rarely referred to as a county and the title of Count has not been in practical use by or for anyone of the series of persons that became rightfully entitled to it; the flag and weapon of the municipality still has the corresponding heraldic crowned single-headed eagle of sabre on gold.[4][5]
in the present Netherlands:
Count of Holland
Count of Zeeland
Count of Zutphen
[edit]In Switzerland
Count of Neuenburg
Count of Toggenburg
Count of Kyburg
Count de Salis-Soglio
Count of Panzutti
[edit]In other continental European countries
[edit]In Iberia
As opposed to the plethora of hollow "gentry" counts, only a few countships ever were important in medieval Iberia; most territory was firmly within the Reconquista kingdoms before counts could become important. However, during the 19th century, the title, having lost its high rank (equivalent to that of Duke), proliferated.
[edit]Portugal
Portugal itself started as a countship in 868, but became a kingdom in 1139 (see:County of Portugal). Throughout the History of Portugal, especially during the Constitutional Monarchy many other countships were created (see: List of Countships in Portugal).
[edit]Spain
In Spain, no countships of wider importance exist, except in the former Spanish march.[citation needed]
Count of Barcelona – it became integrated in the kingdom of Aragon, which became one of the two main components of the Spanish realm
Count of Aragon
Count of Castile
Count of Galicia
Count of Lara
Count Cassius, progenitor of the Banu Qasi
Count of Urgel
Count of Pontevedra
Count of Luzzaraga
The other counts in Catalonia were much smaller and were absorbed into Barcelona/Aragon: Cerdanya, Ampurias, Conflans, Pallars and Roussillon (in present France).
[edit]In Bulgaria
In the First Bulgarian Empire, a komit was a hereditary provincial ruler under the tsar documented since the reign of Presian (836-852)[6] The Cometopouli dynasty was named after its founder, the komit of Sredets.
[edit]Crusader states
Count of Edessa
Count of Tripoli (1102–1288)
[edit]Equivalents

Like other major Western noble titles, Count is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare, but which are considered "equivalent" in rank.
This is the case with:
the Chinese Bó (伯), hereditary title of nobility ranking below Hóu (侯) and above Zĭ (子)
the Japanese equivalent Hakushaku (伯爵), adapted during the Meiji restoration
the Korean equivalent Baekjak or Poguk
in Vietnam, it is rendered Bá, one of the lower titles reserved for male members of the Imperial clan, above Tử (Viscount), Nam (Baron) and Vinh phong (lowest noble title), but lower than—in ascending order—Hầu (Marquis), Công (Prince), Quan-Cong (Duke) and Quốc-Công (Grand Duke), all under Vương (King).
the Indian Sardar, adopted by the Maratha Empire
[edit]See also

County
[edit]References

^ "An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors". University of South Carolina. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
^ http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/texts/cassbook/chap1.html
^ This section depends upon Philippe Levillain, ed. John W. O'Malley, tr. The Papacy: An Encyclopedia (2002) vol. ii s.v. "Nobility, Roman".
^ Geschiedenis van de provincie Antwerpen (Historisch Project Politiek Personeel Provincie Antwerpen) (Dutch), Province of Antwerp, Belgium
^ Mechelen de oude hoofdstad van de Nederlanden, F.O. Van Hammée (not verified, referenced on a blog)
^ Лъв Граматик, Гръцки извори за българската история, т. V, стр. 156; Жеков, Ж. България и Византия VII-IX в. - военна администрация, Университетско издателство "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 2007, ISBN 978-954-07-2465-0, стр. 254
[edit]Sources

Labarre de Raillicourt: Les Comtes Romains
Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
[edit]External links

Look up count in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Heraldica.org - here the French peerage
Italian Titles of Nobility
Webster's 1828 Dictionary
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Comte (du latin comes, comitis « compagnon, personne de la suite »1, puis plus tard « compagnon de l'empereur, délégué de l'empereur ») est un titre de noblesse dont l'origine remonte aux premiers empereurs romains. Il s'agit du plus ancien titre de haute noblesse conféré en Europe et toujours l'un des plus élevés de la hiérarchie nobiliaire européenne.
En France, sous l'Ancien Régime, la dignité des titres dépendait de leur ancienneté, tous titres confondus (sauf celui de duc traditionnellement conféré aux anciennes familles souveraines qui conservaient donc une préséance) tandis que leur hiérarchie dépendait des hommages. Pourtant, le xixe siècle inventa une hiérarchie nobiliaire divergente, la dignité de comte y est conçue comme précédée de celles de duc et de marquis et suivie par celles de vicomte, vidame et de baron.
Ces représentations hiérarchiques diffèrent non seulement dans le temps, mais également d'un pays à l'autre. Par exemple, la Noblesse autrichienne considère le titre de Graf/comte comme le second rang le plus élevé de sa hiérarchie nobiliaire, suivant immédiatement celui de Fürst/prince, tout deux constituant la Haute Noblesse de l'Empire (Hoher Adel).
Sommaire [afficher]
Histoire du titre européen[modifier]



Une jeune comtesse issue de la famille autrichienne des Schönborn posant pour une photo artistique, 1912
Sous le règne d'Auguste, on voit des sénateurs choisis pour son conseil porter le nom de comites Augusti.
Article détaillé : Comes (Rome antique).
Les premiers rois du Haut Moyen Âge donnèrent indistinctement le titre de comte à tous les officiers de leur maisons ; l'un d'entre eux, appelé comte palatin (comes palatii), était chargé de rendre la justice dans le palais, ainsi que, en général, de juger les affaires où le prince avait intérêt (voir aussi maire du palais pour le premier d'entre eux).
Le titre de comte fut repris par les compagnons d'armes des princes francs qui se virent attribuer la gestion d'un ou plusieurs pagi (cité), juridictions administratives héritées de l'Empire romain. Les comtes mérovingiens sont nommés par le roi et assurent les fonctions fiscales, militaires et judiciaires.
Sous les Carolingiens, ces offices deviennent héréditaires et les pagi évoluent en comtés autonomes.
De simples fonctionnaires révocables, ils se sont appropriés le titre, la fonction attachée à ce titre et le territoire sur lequel ils exerçaient, de manière héréditaire. Le Capitulaire de Quierzy-sur-Oise leur en reconnut le droit (877). Un comte est alors le plus haut rang de la noblesse, les familles comtales médiévales possédaient la plus haute dignité de la noblesse française d'Ancien régime.
En 1564 une ordonnance de Charles IX établit qu'en l'absence d'héritiers mâles, les comtés retourneraient à la couronne.
Depuis le xixe siècle, le titre de comte n'est plus en France qu'une distinction honorifique, et qui ne confère aucun privilège.
Cas particuliers[modifier]

Il faut signaler trois charges comtales particulières:
celle du comte des « étables » (comes stabuli) qui donnera le terme "connétable";
celle de comte palatin;
et celle de comtes du Saint-Empire (Reichsgraf) qui disposaient de la préséance sur tout autre noble dans les pays germaniques2 et en Italie. Cet usage avait également cours, mais uniquement par courtoisie, au sein des Cours étrangères.
Autre particularité, le comte Roger Ier de Sicile fut surnommé le « Grand Comte ».
Belgique[modifier]

En Belgique, le titre de comte - comtesse pour une femme - se situe comme en France entre ceux de vicomte et de marquis. C'est le titre le plus élevé octroyé par le roi des Belges à un non-noble ou à une personne de moindre noblesse. Les titres supérieurs (marquis, duc et prince) ne sont en principe concédés qu'à des aristocrates dont la famille détenait déjà un tel titre avant l'indépendance de la Belgique (1830) ou plus généralement à des familles de noblesse étrangère admises dans la noblesse belge et déjà décorées dudit titre par un autre monarque.
Notes et références[modifier]

↑ Félix Gaffiot, Dictionnaire latin français, Hachette, Paris, s.v. comes.
↑ Les pays composant la partie "germanique" du Saint-Empire et qui devinrent les Empires d'Autriche et d'Allemagne
Voir aussi[modifier]

Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :
Comte, sur le Wiktionnaire
Articles connexes[modifier]
Graf ou Grave, comte allemand
Jarl, comte scandinave
Earl, comte anglo-saxon
Comtes et ducs d'Europe
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Source partielle[modifier]
Marie-Nicolas Bouillet et Alexis Chassang (dir.), « Comte » dans Dictionnaire universel d’histoire et de géographie, 1878 (Wikisource)
Portail de la monarchie
Catégories : Titre de noblesseComteComtesse

قس عبری
רוזן הוא המונח העברי לתואר אצולה אירופי שמקורו באימפריה הרומית, תואר נמוך מהמרקיז וגבוה מהוויקונט.
מקור התואר הלועזי במילה הלטינית Comes שמשמעותה בעברית בן לוויה. בן הלוויה של השליט, שהיה חבר ויועץ, הפך במרוצת הזמן לתואר שלטוני עם הגדרות הקובעות את מיקומו בסולם דרגות האצולה ואת סמכויותיו וחובותיו של בעל התואר.
התואר, שנגזר מהמילה הלטינית Comes, עבר שינויים לשוניים אצל העמים השונים והוא מקביל לתואר הגרמני גראף.
שפה תואר לגבר תואר לאישה / בת זוג שם הטריטוריה שבשליטת הרוזן
אלבנית קונט - Kont קונטשה - Konteshë
ארמנית Կոմս‏ (Koms) Կոմսուհի
(Komsuhi)
קטלנית Comte Comtessa Comtat
אנגלית Count (בהתייחס לתארים שהוענקו על ידי מונרכיות אחרות מאשר הממלכה המאוחדת) Countess (גם כאשר נעשה שימוש ב-"Earl") Earldom עבור "Earl"; ‏Countship או county עבור "count", אם כי המונח "county" משמש גם, ואף בעיקר, לציון יחידה אדמיניסטרטיבית (מחוז) במדינות אנגלו-סקסיות.
צרפתית Comte Comtesse Comté
אירית Cunta; Iarla Cuntaois, Baniarla תואר כבוד בלבד; iarla אינו נובע מהמילה הלטינית comes אלא דווקא מהמילה האנגלית "earl".
איטלקית Conte Contessa Contea, Contado, Comitato
יוונית Κόμης ‏(Kómēs) Κόμησσα ‏
(Kómēssa)
Κομητεία ‏(Komēteía); באיים היוניים נעשה שימוש במונחים האיטלקיים Kóntes ו-Kontéssa
לטינית Comes Comitissa Comitatus
מלטזית Konti Kontessa
מונגאסקית Conte Contessa
אנגלית עתיקה Hlaford Hlǣfdiġe אינם נובעים מהמילה הלטינית comes.
פורטוגזית Conde Condessa Condado
פולנית Komes Komesa Comitates
רומנית קונטה - Conte קונטסה - Contesă קומיטאט -Comitat
רומאנש Cont Contessa
גאלית סקוטית Iarla Ban-iarla תואר כבוד בלבד; iarla אינו נובע מהמילה הלטינית comes אלא דווקא מהמילה האנגלית "earl".
ספרדית Conde Condesa Condado
טורקית Kont Kontes Kontluk
ולשית Iarll Iarlles Iarllaeth; iarll אינו נובע מהמילה הלטינית comes אלא דווקא מהמילה האנגלית "earl".
קטגוריה: תוארי אצולה
משובים קודמיםמשוב על הערך


قس چینی


רוזן הוא המונח העברי לתואר אצולה אירופי שמקורו באימפריה הרומית, תואר נמוך מהמרקיז וגבוה מהוויקונט.
מקור התואר הלועזי במילה הלטינית Comes שמשמעותה בעברית בן לוויה. בן הלוויה של השליט, שהיה חבר ויועץ, הפך במרוצת הזמן לתואר שלטוני עם הגדרות הקובעות את מיקומו בסולם דרגות האצולה ואת סמכויותיו וחובותיו של בעל התואר.
התואר, שנגזר מהמילה הלטינית Comes, עבר שינויים לשוניים אצל העמים השונים והוא מקביל לתואר הגרמני גראף.
שפה תואר לגבר תואר לאישה / בת זוג שם הטריטוריה שבשליטת הרוזן
אלבנית קונט - Kont קונטשה - Konteshë
ארמנית Կոմս‏ (Koms) Կոմսուհի
(Komsuhi)
קטלנית Comte Comtessa Comtat
אנגלית Count (בהתייחס לתארים שהוענקו על ידי מונרכיות אחרות מאשר הממלכה המאוחדת) Countess (גם כאשר נעשה שימוש ב-"Earl") Earldom עבור "Earl"; ‏Countship או county עבור "count", אם כי המונח "county" משמש גם, ואף בעיקר, לציון יחידה אדמיניסטרטיבית (מחוז) במדינות אנגלו-סקסיות.
צרפתית Comte Comtesse Comté
אירית Cunta; Iarla Cuntaois, Baniarla תואר כבוד בלבד; iarla אינו נובע מהמילה הלטינית comes אלא דווקא מהמילה האנגלית "earl".
איטלקית Conte Contessa Contea, Contado, Comitato
יוונית Κόμης ‏(Kómēs) Κόμησσα ‏
(Kómēssa)
Κομητεία ‏(Komēteía); באיים היוניים נעשה שימוש במונחים האיטלקיים Kóntes ו-Kontéssa
לטינית Comes Comitissa Comitatus
מלטזית Konti Kontessa
מונגאסקית Conte Contessa
אנגלית עתיקה Hlaford Hlǣfdiġe אינם נובעים מהמילה הלטינית comes.
פורטוגזית Conde Condessa Condado
פולנית Komes Komesa Comitates
רומנית קונטה - Conte קונטסה - Contesă קומיטאט -Comitat
רומאנש Cont Contessa
גאלית סקוטית Iarla Ban-iarla תואר כבוד בלבד; iarla אינו נובע מהמילה הלטינית comes אלא דווקא מהמילה האנגלית "earl".
ספרדית Conde Condesa Condado
טורקית Kont Kontes Kontluk
ולשית Iarll Iarlles Iarllaeth; iarll אינו נובע מהמילה הלטינית comes אלא דווקא מהמילה האנגלית "earl".
קטגוריה: תוארי אצולה
משובים קודמיםמשוב על הערך