بیابان آتاکاما

بیابان آتاکاما یکی از خشک‌ترین بیابان‌های دنیا در آمریکای جنوبی است. این بیابان که بیشتر پوشیده از شن‌زار و نمک‌زار است، از سمت رشته کوه‌های آند به طرف اقیانوس آرام امتداد دارد.
میانگین عرض این بیابان از شرق به غرب ۱۶۰ کیلومتر و طول آن از مرز پرو در جنوب به سمت کشور بولیوی ۱۰۰۰ کیلومتر است. این بیابان بین سه کشور شیلی، پرو و بولیوی قرار داشته و وسعت آن معادل ۳/۲ خاک کشور ایتالیا است.
بیابان آتاکاما احتمالاً پس از مناطقی در جنوبگان، خشک‌ترین مکان بر روی زمین می‌باشد. دلیل این خشکی هم محصور بودن از دو طرف به‌وسیلهٔ کوه‌های آند و ارتفاعات ساحلی اقیانوس آرام است. فشار بالای اتمسفر بر روی کوه‌های آند باعث خشکی هوا شده و به دنبال آن هوای سرد که در طبقات بالایی جو فشرده می‌شود، به سمت پایین زمین و بیابان آتاکاما حرکت می‌نماید. این هوای خشک که هیچ بخار آبی به همراه ندارد، به آسانی توسط خورشید گرم شده و باعث افزایش دمای سطح زمین می‌گردد.
همچنین ارتفاعات آند نیز مانع از رسیدن ابرهای باران‌زا از سمت شرق شده و مانند دیوار، بیابان را از منطقهٔ بارانی و جنگلی آمازون جدا می‌کند. میانگین بارندگی در منطقه‌ای از این بیابان موسوم به آنتوفاگاستا در شیلی فقط ۳ میلیمتر در سال است. البته این مقدار هم پس از یک دورهٔ ۴۰ سالهٔ عدم بارندگی در این‌جا رخ داد.
در سال ۲۰۰۳ یک تیم از محققان آمریکایی گزارشی را منتشر کردند که براساس آن خاک بیابان آتاکاما شبیه به مریخ است. آن‌ها از روش‌های مورد استفاده در مریخ‌نشین‌های وایکینگ برای آزمایش خاک‌های بیابان آتاکاما جهت آشکارسازی حیات بهره بردند. گزارش این تیم حاکی است که هر ده سال یک‌بار آن‌هم به صورت ناچیز در این بیابان باران می بارد. به قول کاشفان اسپانیایی هیچ انسان، پرنده و حتی درخت و گیاهی در اینجا وجود ندارد و بیابان به مانند مریخ فاقد حیات است. آتاکاما در طول ده هزار سال گذشته فاقد سکنه بوده است.
آتاکاما به دلیل وجود مواد معدنی غنی در خاکش دارای اهمیت است. اکنون این بیابان دارای یکی از بزرگ‌ترین منابع نیترات سدیم در جهان است که مورد بهره‌برداری قرار می‌گیرد.
آتاکاما در ضمن مورد توجه توریست‌ها هم هست، زیرا وضعیت زمین‌های خالی از حیات آن‌جا برایشان جذاب است.
نگارخانه [ویرایش]












منابع [ویرایش]

ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی
«خشک‌ترین جای دنیا». روزنامه هموطن سلام. بازبینی‌شده در ۱۰ تیر ۸۶.
«طرح‌های جدید ناسا برای اکتشاف سیاره سرخ». روزنامه شرق. بازبینی‌شده در ۱۰ تیر ۸۶.
در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ بیابان آتاکاما موجود است.
رده‌ها: بیابان‌ها ذره‌ای آرامش بیابان‌های شیلی

قس عربی

صحراء أتاکاما هی صحراء فی تشیلی بأمریکا الجنوبیة تمتد على شکل شریط یبلغ طوله 966 ویوازی المحیط الهادی الذی یحصرها من الغرب بینما تحدها جبال الأندیز من الشرق، والصحراء عبارة عن هضبة مرتفعة تغطی مساحة 181300 کم مربع وما یمیز هذه الصحراء عن غیرها هی البرودة العالیة حیث یمکن أن تصل درجة الحرارة فیها إلى الصفر المئوی وتنعدم فی هذه المنطقة الأمطار بشکل شبه تام لذا فهی المنطقة الأجف فی العالم ولکن یمکن إیجاد المیاه قیها عن طریق أحد المصادر التالیة :

البحیرات الملحیة
الضباب والندى
الثلج
تحت الأرض
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هناک المزید من الصور والملفات فی ویکیمیدیا کومنز حول: أتاکاما


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صحاری
تصنیفات: مناطق بیئیةالإقلیم المداری الجدیدصحاری وأراضی جنبات جافةأقالیم جغرافیة طبیعیةصحاریتشیلی

قس انگلیسی

The Atacama Desert (Spanish: Desierto de Atacama) is a plateau in South America, covering a 600-mile (1,000 km) strip of land on the Pacific coast, west of the Andes mountains. It is, according to NASA, National Geographic and many other publications, the driest desert in the world.[1][2][3][4] The Atacama occupies 40,600 square miles (105,000 km2)[5] in northern Chile, composed mostly of salt lakes (salares), sand, and felsic lava flows towards the Andes.
Contents [show]
[edit]Setting

The Atacama Desert ecoregion, as defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), extends from a few kilometers south of the Peru–Chile border to about 30° south latitude.[6] To the north lies the Peruvian Sechura Desert ecoregion, whilst to the south is the Chilean Matorral ecoregion.
The National Geographic Society, by contrast, considers the coastal area of southern Peru to be part of the Atacama Desert.[7][8] It includes in this definition the deserts south of the Ica Region in Peru.
To the east lies the less arid Central Andean dry puna ecoregion. The drier portion of this ecoregion is located south of the Loa River between the parallel Sierra Vicuña Mackenna and Cordillera Domeyko. To the north of the Loa lies the Pampa del Tamarugal.
[edit]Aridity

The Atacama Desert is commonly known as the driest place in the world, especially surroundings of the abandoned Yungay town[9] (in Antofagasta Region, Chile).[10] The average rainfall in the Chilean region of Antofagasta is just 1 millimetre (0.04 in) per year. Some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain. Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971.[5] It is so arid that mountains that reach as high as 6,885 metres (22,589 ft) are completely free of glaciers and, in the southern part from 25°S to 27°S, may have been glacier-free throughout the Quaternary, though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4,400 metres (14,400 ft) and is continuous above 5,600 metres (18,400 ft). Studies by a group of British scientists have suggested that some river beds have been dry for 120,000 years.[11] However, some locations in the Atacama receive a marine fog known locally as the camanchaca, providing sufficient moisture for hypolithic algae, lichens and even some cacti – the genus Copiapoa is notable among these. Geographically, the aridity can be explained by the following reasons:
The desert is located on the leeward side of the Chilean Coast Range, so little moisture from the Pacific Ocean can reach the desert.
The Andes are so high that they block convective clouds, which may bring precipitation, formed above the Amazon Basin from entering the desert from the east.
An inversion layer is created by the cold Humboldt current and the South Pacific High.
In July 2011, an extreme Antarctic cold front broke through the rain shadow, bringing 80 cm (31.5 in) of snow to the plateau, stranding residents across the region, particularly in Bolivia, where many drivers became stuck in snow drifts and emergency crews became overtaxed with a large number of rescue calls.[12] The total rainfall for the winter of 2011 was sufficient for wildflowers to bloom in the Atacama.[13]
[edit]Comparison to Mars
In a region about 100 kilometres (60 mi) south of Antofagasta, which averages 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) height, the soil has been compared to that of Mars. Due to its otherworldly appearance, the Atacama has been used as a location for filming Mars scenes, most notably in the television series Space Odyssey: Voyage To The Planets.
In 2003, a team of researchers published a report in the journal Science titled "Mars-like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life" in which they duplicated the tests used by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars landers to detect life, and were unable to detect any signs in Atacama Desert soil.[14] The region may be unique on Earth in this regard and is being used by NASA to test instruments for future Mars missions. The team duplicated the Viking tests in Mars-like Earth environments and found that they missed present signs of life in soil samples from Antarctic dry valleys, the Atacama Desert of Chile and Peru, and other locales.
Towards Ataca, near the deserted coast, you see a land without men, where there is not a bird, not a beast, nor a tree, nor any vegetation.
La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla, 1569[15]
In 2008, the Phoenix Mars Lander detected perchlorates on the surface of Mars at the same site where water was first discovered.[16] Perchlorates are also found in the Atacama and associated nitrate deposits have contained organics, leading to speculation that signs of life on Mars are not incompatible with perchlorates. The Atacama is also a testing site for the NASA-funded Earth-Mars Cave Detection Program.[17]
[edit]Human occupation



Atacama road
The Atacama is sparsely populated, with most cities located along the Pacific coast.[18] In interior areas, oases and some valleys have been populated for millennia, being the seat of the most advanced Pre-Columbian societies found in Chile. These oases have had little population growth and urban development, and have, since the 20th century, faced conflicts over water resources that are needed for the coastal cities and the mining industry.
San Pedro de Atacama, at about 2,000 metres (7,000 ft) elevation, is a typical example. Its church was built by the Spanish in 1577. In pre-Hispanic times, before the Inca empire, the extremely arid interior was inhabited mainly by the Atacameño tribe. The tribe is noted for the construction of fortified towns called pucarás, one of which can be seen a few kilometers from San Pedro de Atacama.
The coastal cities originated in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries during the time of the Spanish Empire, when they emerged as shipping ports for silver produced in Potosí and other mines. During the 19th century the desert came under control of Bolivia, Chile, and Peru, and soon became a zone of conflict due to unclear borders and the discovery of sodium nitrate deposits. After the War of the Pacific, in which Chile annexed most of the desert, cities along the coast developed into international ports, and many Chilean workers migrated there. With the guano and saltpeter booms of the 19th century the population grew immensely, mostly due to immigration from central Chile. In the 20th century the nitrate industry declined and at the same time the largely male population of the desert became increasingly problematic for the Chilean state. Mineworkers and mining companies came into conflict, and protests spread throughout the region.
The Atacama desert again became a source of wealth from the 1950s onwards due to copper mining. The Escondida and Chuquicamata porphyry copper mines are located within the Atacama Desert.
[edit]Abandoned nitrate mining towns
The desert has rich deposits of copper and other minerals, and the world's largest natural supply of sodium nitrate, which was mined on a large scale until the early 1940s. The Atacama border dispute over these resources between Chile and Bolivia began in the 19th century.
Now the desert is littered with approximately 170 abandoned nitrate (or "saltpetre") mining towns, almost all of which were shut down decades after the invention of synthetic nitrate in Germany at the turn of the 20th century (see Haber process).[citation needed] The towns include Chacabuco, Humberstone, Santa Laura, Pedro de Valdivia, Puelma and María Elena and Oficina Anita.
[edit]Astronomical observatories



Paranal Observatory 360-panorama.
Because of its high altitude, nearly non-existent cloud cover, dry air, and lack of light pollution and radio interference from the very widely spaced cities, the desert is one of the best places in the world to conduct astronomical observations. The European Southern Observatory operates two major observatories in the Atacama:
The La Silla Observatory
The Paranal Observatory, which includes the Very Large Telescope
A new radio astronomy telescope, called ALMA, built by Europe, Japan, the United States, Canada and Chile in the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory officially opened on 3 October 2011.[19] A number of radio astronomy projects, such as the CBI, the ASTE and the ACT, among others, have been operating in the Chajnantor area since 1999.
[edit]Gallery


A VISTA Before Sunset.



Chajnantor Plateau in the Chilean Andes. This location is home to the ESO/NAOJ/NRAO ALMA



Map of the Atacama Desert (Chilean area) from the CIA World Factbook



Guanacos



Lagoon Verde



Bloom desert


Atacama lizard



Valley in Atacama



"Icy Penitents by Moonlight"



Scene from Valle de la Luna (Moon Valley) near San Pedro de Atacama



Solar Evaporation Ponds in the Atacama Desert



Paranal Observatory


360-degree panorama of the Chajnantor plateau



Andean Flamingos in Salar de Atacama

[edit]Protected areas

Pan de Azúcar National Park
Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve
La Chimba National Reserve
[edit]Legends

Alicanto
Atacama Giant
[edit]See also

Norte Grande, Chile
2010 Copiapó mining accident
Atacama border dispute
Salar de Atacama
List of deserts by area
Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
Transverse Valleys
[edit]References

[edit]Notes
^ http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0308/feature3/
^ http://www.extremescience.com/driest.htm
^ http://quest.nasa.gov/challenges/marsanalog/egypt/AtacamaAdAstra.pdf
^ Jonathan Amos (8 December 2005). "Chile desert's super-dry history". BBC News. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
^ a b Wright, John W. (ed.); Editors and reporters of The New York Times (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. pp. 456. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.
^ "Atacama desert". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
^ Viking Mission May Have Missed Mars Life, Study Finds
^ Giant Penguins Once Roamed Peru Desert, Fossils Show
^ Yungay - the driest place in the world, Wondermondo
^ Boehm, Richard G.; Editors and writers of The World and Its People (2006). The World and Its People (2005 ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Glencoe. pp. 276. ISBN 0-07-860977-1.
^ "Chile desert's super-dry history". BBC News. 8 December 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
^ "Hyper-Arid Atacama Desert Hit By Snow". BBC News. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
^ "November 2011 Global Weather Extremes Summary". 11 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
^ Mars-Like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life Science 7 November 2003: Vol. 302. no. 5647, pp. 1018–1021
^ quoted Braudel, Fernand, The Perspective of the World, ISBN 0-520-08116-1, vol. III of Civilization and Capitalism 1984 (originally published in French, 1979). p 388
^ Thompson, Andrea. Scientists Set Record Straight on Martian Salt Find. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080805-phoenix-perchlorate-update.html. Retrieved 6 August 2008
^ Earth-Mars Cave Detection Program
^ South America physical map
^ Toll, Rosser (October 3, 2011). "In Chile desert, huge telescope begins galaxy probe". AFP.com. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
[edit]Bibliography
Braudel, Fernand, The Perspective of the World, ISBN 0-520-08116-1, vol. III of Civilization and Capitalism 1984 (originally published in French, 1979).
Sagaris, Lake. Bone and dream : into the world's driest desert. 1st ed. – Toronto : A.A. Knopf Canada, c2000. ISBN 0-676-97223-3
[edit]External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Atacama Desert
Last Frontier Ex - Atacama Desert
SanPedrodeAtacama.Net & Org
News article on "Mars-like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life"
National Geographic feature about Atacama
Autonomous Robot Finds Life in Atacama Desert
Photos of Atacama Desert landscape, flora and fauna
Atacama's Super-Dry History
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Categories: Deserts and xeric shrublandsDeserts of ChileEcoregionsEcoregions of ChileErgsNeotropic ecozonePhysiographic sectionsPlateaus of ChileRegions of South AmericaQuantum of Solace